Nokea
Contraction of the gallbladder may be due to:
- A. Secretin
- B. VIP
- C. Bile salts
- D. Atropine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bile salts. Bile salts play a crucial role in the contraction of the gallbladder. When bile salts are released into the duodenum, they stimulate the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into the small intestine to aid in digestion. Secretin (choice A) and VIP (choice B) are hormones that primarily regulate pancreatic secretion, not gallbladder contraction. Atropine (choice D) is an anticholinergic drug that inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system and would not stimulate gallbladder contraction. Therefore, the correct answer is C as bile salts directly trigger the contraction of the gallbladder.
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Folds in the mucosa of the stomach are called _ which allows the surface area to _.
- A. Crypt, Increase
- B. Rugae, Increase
- C. Rugae, Decrease
- D. Crypt, Decrease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rugae, Increase. Rugae are folds in the mucosa of the stomach that allow for expansion of the stomach when food is ingested, increasing the surface area for digestion and absorption. Rugae help in mixing and breaking down food efficiently.
Explanation:
1. Rugae are specifically found in the stomach to increase surface area for digestion.
2. The folds of rugae help in stretching the stomach to accommodate food intake.
3. Increased surface area aids in better absorption of nutrients.
4. Crypts are invaginations in the mucosa but not related to increasing surface area.
5. Option C and D are incorrect because rugae actually increase, not decrease, the surface area of the stomach.
After an esophageal surgery, a client exhibited the symptoms of dyspne What should a nurse do to minimize dyspnea?
- A. Ensure the intake of soft foods or high-calorie, high-protein semiliquid foods
- B. Advise avoidance of foods that contain significant air or gas
- C. Ensure frequent, small meals and discourage lying down immediately after eating
- D. Instruct to take liquid supplements between meals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Small, frequent meals and avoiding lying down after eating help prevent reflux and aspiration, which can contribute to dyspnea.
A client underwent an exploratory laparotomy 2 days ago. The physician should be called immediately for which physical assessment finding?
- A. Abdominal distention and rigidity
- B. NG tube intentionally displaced by client
- C. Absent or hypoactive bowel sounds
- D. Nausea and occasional vomiting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Abdominal rigidity and distention suggest peritonitis or internal bleeding, both of which require urgent medical intervention.
The duodenum and jejunum are the main site for absorption of the following except:
- A. Glucose
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Fat-soluble vitamins
- D. Bile salts
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Bile salts. Bile salts are primarily absorbed in the terminal ileum, not in the duodenum or jejunum. The duodenum and jejunum are mainly responsible for absorbing nutrients like glucose, fat-soluble vitamins, and vitamin C. Bile salts aid in the digestion and absorption of fats, but they are reabsorbed in the ileum to be recycled. Therefore, the duodenum and jejunum are not the main sites for the absorption of bile salts.
Which of these is a characteristic of the small intestine?
- A. It has no villi.
- B. It is the site of the majority of digestion.
- C. It is the primary site for absorption of water.
- D. It produces bile.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the small intestine is where the majority of digestion occurs, including the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. This is facilitated by enzymes and bile produced by other organs. Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption, making choice A incorrect. Absorption of water primarily occurs in the large intestine, so choice C is incorrect. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not the small intestine, making choice D incorrect. Thus, the small intestine's role in digestion makes it the correct characteristic.