Nokea
Chewing or mastication reflex originates in the ______ and the ability to initiate or stop chewing originates in the ______.
- A. pons; cerebrum.
- B. medulla oblongata; cerebrum.
- C. spinal cord; medulla oblongata.
- D. medulla oblongata; midbrain.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The chewing reflex originates in the medulla oblongata, which controls basic life functions like breathing and swallowing. The ability to voluntarily initiate or stop chewing comes from the cerebrum, the part of the brain responsible for conscious thoughts and movements. The pons (choice A) is involved in regulating breathing, not chewing. The spinal cord (choice C) is responsible for reflex actions but not specifically chewing. The midbrain (choice D) is more related to sensory processing and motor function, not chewing reflex. Therefore, the correct answer is B based on the roles of the medulla oblongata and cerebrum in chewing.
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The nurse is performing pre-procedure teaching for a patient scheduled to undergo a liver biopsy. After listening to the information, the patient states, "I am so scareI just don't know if I can do this procedure." Which response is best?
- A. "The procedure will only last about 15 minutes."
- B. "Most patients say it feels similar to a punch in the shoulder."
- C. "You do not have to have the procedure."
- D. "I understand that you are afraiTell me more about your concerns."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it demonstrates empathy and active listening. By acknowledging the patient's fear and encouraging them to express their concerns further, the nurse can address specific fears and provide appropriate support. This approach helps build trust and rapport, leading to better patient outcomes.
A: Providing the duration of the procedure (choice A) may not effectively address the patient's underlying fear.
B: Comparing the sensation to a punch (choice B) may minimize the patient's concerns and not address the emotional aspect of their fear.
C: Telling the patient they do not have to have the procedure (choice C) could be misleading and may not be in the patient's best interest without further exploration of their concerns.
Folds in the mucosa of the stomach are called _ which allows the surface area to _.
- A. Crypt, Increase
- B. Rugae, Increase
- C. Rugae, Decrease
- D. Crypt, Decrease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rugae, Increase. Rugae are folds in the mucosa of the stomach that allow for expansion of the stomach when food is ingested, increasing the surface area for digestion and absorption. Rugae help in mixing and breaking down food efficiently.
Explanation:
1. Rugae are specifically found in the stomach to increase surface area for digestion.
2. The folds of rugae help in stretching the stomach to accommodate food intake.
3. Increased surface area aids in better absorption of nutrients.
4. Crypts are invaginations in the mucosa but not related to increasing surface area.
5. Option C and D are incorrect because rugae actually increase, not decrease, the surface area of the stomach.
Contraction of the gallbladder may be due to:
- A. Secretin
- B. VIP
- C. Bile salts
- D. Atropine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bile salts. Bile salts play a crucial role in the contraction of the gallbladder. When bile salts are released into the duodenum, they stimulate the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into the small intestine to aid in digestion. Secretin (choice A) and VIP (choice B) are hormones that primarily regulate pancreatic secretion, not gallbladder contraction. Atropine (choice D) is an anticholinergic drug that inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system and would not stimulate gallbladder contraction. Therefore, the correct answer is C as bile salts directly trigger the contraction of the gallbladder.
It is correct to say that:
- A. HCL converts pepsin into pepsinogen.
- B. IF is essential for vitamin K absorption.
- C. Saliva contains alpha amylase.
- D. Myenteric plexus controls GIT secretion.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Saliva contains alpha amylase. Saliva does indeed contain the enzyme alpha amylase, which helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth. This is a well-established fact in human physiology.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
A: HCL converts pepsin into pepsinogen - This statement is incorrect as pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by the acidic environment in the stomach, not the other way around.
B: IF is essential for vitamin K absorption - This is also incorrect. Intrinsic factor (IF) is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12, not vitamin K.
D: Myenteric plexus controls GIT secretion - While the myenteric plexus is involved in regulating gastrointestinal motility, it is not primarily responsible for controlling secretion in the gastrointestinal tract.
The process of breaking down food into simpler molecules is known as _____.
- A. absorption
- B. digestion
- C. ingestion
- D. secretion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: digestion. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into simpler molecules through mechanical and chemical means in the digestive system. It involves the breakdown of complex nutrients into smaller components for absorption. Absorption (A) is the process of taking in nutrients into the bloodstream, not breaking down food. Ingestion (C) is the act of consuming food, not breaking it down. Secretion (D) is the release of enzymes and fluids involved in digestion, not the process of breaking down food itself.