Nokea
Stimulation of the parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract from Auerbach's or myenteric plexus will cause
- A. inhibition of local secretions.
- B. inhibition of peristalsis.
- C. stimulation of local secretions.
- D. stimulation of peristalsis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stimulation of parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract from Auerbach's or myenteric plexus leads to the release of acetylcholine, which enhances GI motility and peristalsis. This is because acetylcholine acts on smooth muscle and stimulates contractions, promoting movement of food through the GI tract. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
A: Inhibition of local secretions is incorrect as parasympathetic stimulation usually enhances glandular secretions in the GI tract.
B: Inhibition of peristalsis is incorrect because parasympathetic stimulation typically increases peristalsis.
C: Stimulation of local secretions is incorrect as parasympathetic stimulation usually promotes secretion but does not inhibit it.
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The duodenum and jejunum are the main site for absorption of the following except:
- A. Glucose
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Fat-soluble vitamins
- D. Bile salts
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Bile salts. Bile salts are primarily absorbed in the terminal ileum, not in the duodenum or jejunum. The duodenum and jejunum are mainly responsible for absorbing nutrients like glucose, fat-soluble vitamins, and vitamin C. Bile salts aid in the digestion and absorption of fats, but they are reabsorbed in the ileum to be recycled. Therefore, the duodenum and jejunum are not the main sites for the absorption of bile salts.
Which statement best describes the process of absorption of vitamins from the intestine?
- A. All of the options given are correct
- B. Vitamin E is absorbed by a protein which normally binds peroxidised fatty acids to scavenge them
- C. It is necessary to dephosphorylate thiamine pyrophosphate or pyridoxal phosphate before they can be absorbed
- D. Oxidised vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) is absorbed by a glucose transporter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the absorption of vitamins from the intestine involves various mechanisms. Vitamin E is indeed absorbed by a protein that binds peroxidized fatty acids. Thiamine pyrophosphate and pyridoxal phosphate need to be dephosphorylated before absorption. Oxidized vitamin C is absorbed by a glucose transporter. Therefore, all the options given are correct as they describe different aspects of the absorption process. Each choice provides a unique insight into how different vitamins are absorbed, highlighting the complexity of the absorption process.
Which manifestations may be seen in the patient with cirrhosis related to esophageal varices?
- A. Jaundice, peripheral edema, and ascites from increased intrahepatic pressure and dysfunction
- B. Loss of the small bile ducts and cholestasis and cirrhosis in patients with other autoimmune disorders
- C. Development of collateral channels of circulation in inelastic, fragile esophageal veins as a result of portal hypertension
- D. Scarring and nodular changes in the liver lead to compression of the veins and sinusoids, causing resistance of blood flow through the liver from the portal vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Esophageal varices are caused by the development of collateral channels of circulation in the fragile, inelastic esophageal veins due to portal hypertension in cirrhosis.
A patient with inflammatory bowel disease has a nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to decreased nutritional intake and decreased intestinal absorption. Which assessment data support this nursing diagnosis?
- A. Pallor and hair loss
- B. Frequent diarrhea stools
- C. Anorectal excoriation and pain
- D. Hypotension and urine output below 30 mL/hr
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pallor and hair loss indicate potential nutritional deficiencies, supporting the nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition due to decreased intake and absorption.
Which of the following cells produce hydrochloric acid?
- A. parietal cells
- B. enteroendocrine cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. chief cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: parietal cells. Parietal cells are located in the gastric glands of the stomach and are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid to help with digestion. They also secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential for vitamin B12 absorption. Enteroendocrine cells (B) produce hormones, mucous neck cells (C) secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, and chief cells (D) produce pepsinogen for protein digestion, but they do not produce hydrochloric acid. Therefore, parietal cells are the only cells among the choices that specifically produce hydrochloric acid.