Nokea
During muscle contraction, local metabolites act to vasodilate arterioles supplying the working muscle(s). Which of the following would NOT contribute to a local vasodilation?
- A. an increase in carbon dioxide
- B. an increase in hydrogen ions
- C. an increase in oxygen
- D. none of the above contribute to vasodilation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because an increase in oxygen does not contribute to local vasodilation during muscle contraction. Oxygen is typically consumed by working muscles and does not act as a vasodilator. On the other hand, increases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions lead to vasodilation by stimulating the release of vasodilatory substances. Choice D is incorrect because oxygen, in this context, does not contribute to vasodilation like carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions do.
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Which cells in the small intestine may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria?
- A. absorptive cells
- B. goblet cells
- C. granular cells
- D. endocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Granular cells, also known as Paneth cells, produce antimicrobial peptides to protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria. These peptides have antimicrobial properties that help prevent bacterial overgrowth and maintain intestinal homeostasis. Absorptive cells are primarily responsible for nutrient absorption, while goblet cells secrete mucus for lubrication. Endocrine cells produce hormones that regulate various physiological processes. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as granular cells play a direct role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from bacteria.
Urea is synthesized by the liver following _____ metabolism.
- A. carbohydrate
- B. protein
- C. lipid
- D. nucleic acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: protein. Urea is a waste product formed during the breakdown of proteins in the liver. Amino acids from protein metabolism are deaminated, leading to the formation of ammonia, which is then converted to urea in the urea cycle. Carbohydrates are not directly involved in urea synthesis. Lipids are primarily metabolized to produce energy and do not contribute to urea formation. Nucleic acids are broken down into nucleotides, not amino acids, and are not directly related to urea synthesis.
The nurse should urge a client with an ileoanal anastomosis to do perineal exercises four to six times a day for how many repetitions?
- A. 5
- B. 10
- C. 15
- D. 20
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Perineal exercises help strengthen muscles and improve bowel control, typically recommended at 15 repetitions.
A patient's peripheral parenteral nutrition (PN) bag is nearly empty, and a new PN bag has not arrived yet from the pharmacy. Which intervention by the nurse is appropriate?
- A. Monitor the patient's capillary blood glucose every 6 hours.
- B. Infuse 5% dextrose in water until a new PN bag is delivere
- D. Decrease the PN infusion rate to 10 mL/hr until a new bag arrives.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Infusing 5% dextrose in water will provide the patient with necessary calories and prevent hypoglycemia until the new PN bag arrives.
2. Dextrose infusion will help maintain glucose levels and prevent metabolic complications.
3. Monitoring capillary blood glucose every 6 hours (Choice A) may not provide immediate support to prevent hypoglycemia.
4. Decreasing the PN infusion rate (Choice D) may lead to inadequate nutrition and compromise patient's metabolic needs.
How should the nurse teach the patient with a hiatal hernia or GERD to control symptoms?
- A. Drink 10 to 12 oz of water with each meal.
- B. Space six small meals a day between breakfast and bedtime.
- C. Sleep with the head of the bed elevated on 4- to 6-inch blocks
- D. Perform daily exercises of toe-touching, sit-ups, and weight lifting.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sleeping with the head of the bed elevated helps prevent gastric contents from refluxing into the esophagus, reducing GERD symptoms.