Nokea
The process of breaking down food into simpler molecules is known as _____.
- A. absorption
- B. digestion
- C. ingestion
- D. secretion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: digestion. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into simpler molecules through mechanical and chemical means in the digestive system. It involves the breakdown of complex nutrients into smaller components for absorption. Absorption (A) is the process of taking in nutrients into the bloodstream, not breaking down food. Ingestion (C) is the act of consuming food, not breaking it down. Secretion (D) is the release of enzymes and fluids involved in digestion, not the process of breaking down food itself.
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After an esophageal surgery, a client exhibited the symptoms of dyspne What should a nurse do to minimize dyspnea?
- A. Ensure the intake of soft foods or high-calorie, high-protein semiliquid foods
- B. Advise avoidance of foods that contain significant air or gas
- C. Ensure frequent, small meals and discourage lying down immediately after eating
- D. Instruct to take liquid supplements between meals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Small, frequent meals and avoiding lying down after eating help prevent reflux and aspiration, which can contribute to dyspnea.
The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic kidney disease. Which of the following laboratory results should the nurse prioritize?
- A. Potassium level of 3.5 mEq/L
- B. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 18 mg/dL
- C. Serum creatinine level of 4.0 mg/dL
- D. Hemoglobin level of 12 g/dL
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Serum creatinine level of 4.0 mg/dL. This is prioritized as high serum creatinine indicates impaired kidney function in chronic kidney disease. Elevated creatinine levels suggest decreased glomerular filtration rate, which is crucial in monitoring kidney function. Option A (Potassium level of 3.5 mEq/L) may be important due to the risk of hyperkalemia in kidney disease, but it is not as critical as monitoring kidney function. Option B (BUN level of 18 mg/dL) is within normal range and typically fluctuates based on diet and hydration status. Option D (Hemoglobin level of 12 g/dL) is important but not the priority in this case.
It is correct to say that:
- A. HCL converts pepsin into pepsinogen.
- B. IF is essential for vitamin K absorption.
- C. Saliva contains alpha amylase.
- D. Myenteric plexus controls GIT secretion.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Saliva contains alpha amylase. Saliva does indeed contain the enzyme alpha amylase, which helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth. This is a well-established fact in human physiology.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
A: HCL converts pepsin into pepsinogen - This statement is incorrect as pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by the acidic environment in the stomach, not the other way around.
B: IF is essential for vitamin K absorption - This is also incorrect. Intrinsic factor (IF) is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12, not vitamin K.
D: Myenteric plexus controls GIT secretion - While the myenteric plexus is involved in regulating gastrointestinal motility, it is not primarily responsible for controlling secretion in the gastrointestinal tract.
Which of the following is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates?
- A. Amylase
- B. Lipase
- C. Pepsin
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down starches into simple sugars like glucose. It is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas, and works in both the mouth and small intestine. Lipase (B) digests fats, Pepsin (C) digests proteins, and Trypsin (D) also digests proteins but not carbohydrates. Therefore, they are not responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates.
The most common cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (hematemesis or melena) is:
- A. esophageal varices
- B. gastric carcinoma
- C. peptic ulcer
- D. gastritis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers are a common cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to erosion of the stomach lining. The acidic environment in the stomach can lead to ulcer formation. Esophageal varices are associated with liver cirrhosis, not a common cause of hemorrhage. Gastric carcinoma may cause bleeding but is less common than peptic ulcers. Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining and can cause bleeding but is not as common as peptic ulcers.