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How should the nurse teach the patient with a hiatal hernia or GERD to control symptoms?
- A. Drink 10 to 12 oz of water with each meal.
- B. Space six small meals a day between breakfast and bedtime.
- C. Sleep with the head of the bed elevated on 4- to 6-inch blocks
- D. Perform daily exercises of toe-touching, sit-ups, and weight lifting.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sleeping with the head of the bed elevated helps prevent gastric contents from refluxing into the esophagus, reducing GERD symptoms.
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Which cells in the small intestine may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria?
- A. absorptive cells
- B. goblet cells
- C. granular cells
- D. endocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Granular cells, also known as Paneth cells, produce antimicrobial peptides to protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria. These peptides have antimicrobial properties that help prevent bacterial overgrowth and maintain intestinal homeostasis. Absorptive cells are primarily responsible for nutrient absorption, while goblet cells secrete mucus for lubrication. Endocrine cells produce hormones that regulate various physiological processes. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as granular cells play a direct role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from bacteria.
A 60-year-old African American patient is afraid she might have anal cancer. What assessment finding puts her at high risk for anal cancer?
- A. Alcohol use
- B. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- C. Only one sexual partner
- D. Use of a condom with sexual intercourse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant risk factor for anal cancer, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.
A patient has been on a 1000-calorie diet with a daily exercise routine. In 2 months
- A. the patient has lost 20 lb (9 kg) toward a goal of 50 lb (23 kg) but is now discouraged that no weight has been lost in the last 2 weeks. What should the nurse tell the patient about this?
- B. Plateaus where no weight is lost normally occur during a weight-loss program.
- C. A weight considered by the body to be most efficient for functioning has been reached.
- D. A return to former eating habits is the most common cause of not continuing to lose weight.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Weight loss plateaus are common as the body adapts to changes in diet and exercise. It is important to remain consistent and patient during this phase.
A patient with inflammatory bowel disease has a nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to decreased nutritional intake and decreased intestinal absorption. Which assessment data support this nursing diagnosis?
- A. Pallor and hair loss
- B. Frequent diarrhea stools
- C. Anorectal excoriation and pain
- D. Hypotension and urine output below 30 mL/hr
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pallor and hair loss indicate potential nutritional deficiencies, supporting the nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition due to decreased intake and absorption.
Urea is synthesized by the liver following _____ metabolism.
- A. carbohydrate
- B. protein
- C. lipid
- D. nucleic acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: protein. Urea is a waste product formed during the breakdown of proteins in the liver. Amino acids from protein metabolism are deaminated, leading to the formation of ammonia, which is then converted to urea in the urea cycle. Carbohydrates are not directly involved in urea synthesis. Lipids are primarily metabolized to produce energy and do not contribute to urea formation. Nucleic acids are broken down into nucleotides, not amino acids, and are not directly related to urea synthesis.