Nokea
Corticosteroids are absolutely contraindicated in which of the following types * of tuberculosis?
- A. Miliary
- B. Meningeal
- C. Intestinal
- D. Renal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Meningeal tuberculosis. Corticosteroids are contraindicated in meningeal tuberculosis because they can suppress the immune response, leading to increased bacterial growth and dissemination in the central nervous system. For miliary, intestinal, and renal tuberculosis, corticosteroids can be beneficial in reducing inflammation and improving outcomes.
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Which of the following drug used in the treatment of filariasis?
- A. Diethylcarbamazine
- B. Albendazole
- C. Levamisole
- D. Piperazine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Diethylcarbamazine is the correct answer for treating filariasis because it targets the microfilariae, adult worms, and larvae of filarial parasites. It is specifically designed to kill these parasites and is considered the drug of choice for filariasis treatment. Albendazole, Levamisole, and Piperazine are not effective against filarial parasites and are used for different types of infections or conditions. Albendazole is mainly used for treating intestinal worms, Levamisole is used for parasitic infections in animals, and Piperazine is used for treating pinworm infections. Thus, only Diethylcarbamazine directly targets and eliminates filarial parasites, making it the correct choice for filariasis treatment.
In which of the following scenarios is administration of calcium unwise with hyperkalemia?
- A. Rhabdomyolysis.
- B. Nephrotoxic ATN.
- C. Ischaemia ATN.
- D. Acute glomerulonephritis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acute glomerulonephritis. In this scenario, administering calcium is unwise with hyperkalemia because acute glomerulonephritis can lead to decreased glomerular filtration rate, which impairs the excretion of potassium. Calcium administration can worsen hyperkalemia by shifting potassium out of cells and into the bloodstream.
Rhabdomyolysis (choice A) can cause hyperkalemia due to cell breakdown, and calcium may be beneficial to stabilize cell membranes. Nephrotoxic ATN (choice B) and ischemic ATN (choice C) are both conditions where calcium administration can help protect kidneys from further damage, but in acute glomerulonephritis, the risk of worsening hyperkalemia outweighs the potential benefits of calcium administration.
Tubular reabsorption
- A. eliminates wastes from the body
- B. occurs mostly in the distal convoluted tubule
- C. usually helps control blood pH by removing H+ from the filtrate
- D. returns 99% of the water filtered from the glomerulus to the blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because tubular reabsorption refers to the process of reabsorbing substances, including water, from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream. This process occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle, not the distal convoluted tubule as stated in choice B. Choice A is incorrect because tubular reabsorption does not specifically eliminate wastes; that is the role of tubular secretion. Choice C is incorrect because tubular reabsorption does not directly control blood pH by removing H+ ions from the filtrate; that is primarily done through the kidneys' buffering systems. Overall, choice D is the most accurate as it reflects the primary function of tubular reabsorption in returning water back to the blood.
The staff educator is giving a class for a group of biopsy 12 hours ago. The presence of what assessment nurses new to the renal unit. The educator is discussing finding should prompt the nurse to notify the physician?
- A. Scant hematuria
- B. Renal colic
- C. A 64-year-old patient with chronic glomerulonephritis
- D. Temperature 100.2F orally
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Renal colic is a symptom of possible kidney stones or obstruction, which can lead to severe pain and require immediate medical attention.
Step 2: Scant hematuria may be common after a biopsy and does not necessarily indicate an urgent issue.
Step 3: Chronic glomerulonephritis in a 64-year-old patient is a chronic condition that may not require immediate physician notification.
Step 4: A temperature of 100.2F orally is slightly elevated but not a critical finding that would warrant immediate physician notification.
Summary:
Renal colic is the correct answer as it indicates a potential urgent issue requiring immediate physician notification. Scant hematuria, chronic glomerulonephritis, and a slightly elevated temperature are not as concerning in this context.
A 23 year old pregnant woman has UTI and presents to the ER with fever, frequency and urgency. Which of the following antibiotics can cause potential harm to her fetus?
- A. Nitrofurantoin
- B. Amoxicillin
- C. Gentamycin
- D. Cephalexin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gentamycin. Gentamycin is known to have potential harmful effects on the fetus, such as causing hearing loss and kidney damage. This is due to its ability to cross the placental barrier. Amoxicillin (B) and Cephalexin (D) are both considered safe for use in pregnancy and are commonly prescribed for UTIs. Nitrofurantoin (A) is typically avoided in the third trimester due to the risk of hemolytic anemia in the newborn, but it is considered safe earlier in pregnancy. Therefore, Gentamycin is the correct choice as it poses a higher risk to the fetus compared to the other antibiotics.