Nokea
The nurse is reviewing the changes that occur with menopause. Which changes are associated with menopause?
- A. Uterine and ovarian atrophy, along with a thinning of the vaginal epithelium
- B. Ovarian atrophy, increased vaginal secretions, and increasing clitoral size
- C. Cervical hypertrophy, ovarian atrophy, and increased acidity of vaginal secretions
- D. Vaginal mucosa fragility, increased acidity of vaginal secretions, and uterine hypertrophy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Answer A is correct because during menopause, there is uterine and ovarian atrophy due to decreased estrogen levels, leading to a thinning of the vaginal epithelium. This is a common physiological change associated with menopause.
Summary of other choices:
B: Incorrect - Increased vaginal secretions and clitoral size do not typically occur with menopause.
C: Incorrect - Cervical hypertrophy and increased acidity of vaginal secretions are not common changes seen with menopause.
D: Incorrect - Vaginal mucosa fragility and uterine hypertrophy are not typical changes associated with menopause.
You may also like to solve these questions
A 45-year-old woman is seeking advice on contraception. She is considering using an intrauterine device (IUD). The nurse should inform her that the IUD is effective for:
- A. 5 to 10 years.
- B. 1 to 2 years.
- C. 3 to 5 years.
- D. Indefinitely.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 5 to 10 years. IUDs are long-acting reversible contraceptives effective for 5 to 10 years depending on the type. Hormonal IUDs last around 5 years, while copper IUDs can last up to 10 years. This extended duration provides reliable contraception for an extended period with minimal user intervention.
Choice B: 1 to 2 years is incorrect because IUDs have a longer duration of effectiveness.
Choice C: 3 to 5 years is incorrect as it falls short of the typical duration of effectiveness for most IUD types.
Choice D: Indefinitely is incorrect as IUDs do have a maximum effective period, after which they need to be removed or replaced.
Thiazide diuretics may produce an increase in blood levels of uric acid and: *
- A. Potassium
- B. BUN
- C. Urea
- D. Glucose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thiazide diuretics decrease urinary excretion of uric acid, leading to increased blood levels. Thiazides also increase potassium reabsorption, potentially causing hyperkalemia. However, the main effect on uric acid levels makes choice A correct. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as thiazides do not directly impact BUN, urea, or glucose levels.
________ is not normally found in urine, and its presence may indicate a problem with the kidneys.
- A. Albumin
- B. Bilirubin
- C. Ammonium
- D. Urea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Albumin. Albumin is a protein normally found in blood but not in urine. Its presence in urine, known as proteinuria, may indicate a problem with the kidneys such as kidney damage or dysfunction in filtering blood. Bilirubin (B) is a product of red blood cell breakdown and its presence in urine indicates liver or bile duct issues. Ammonium (C) is a normal byproduct of protein metabolism and is excreted in urine. Urea (D) is a waste product of protein metabolism and is normally found in urine.
Tubular reabsorption
- A. eliminates wastes from the body
- B. occurs mostly in the distal convoluted tubule
- C. usually helps control blood pH by removing H+ from the filtrate
- D. returns 99% of the water filtered from the glomerulus to the blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because tubular reabsorption refers to the process of reabsorbing substances, including water, from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream. This process occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle, not the distal convoluted tubule as stated in choice B. Choice A is incorrect because tubular reabsorption does not specifically eliminate wastes; that is the role of tubular secretion. Choice C is incorrect because tubular reabsorption does not directly control blood pH by removing H+ ions from the filtrate; that is primarily done through the kidneys' buffering systems. Overall, choice D is the most accurate as it reflects the primary function of tubular reabsorption in returning water back to the blood.
Acetazolamide is not frequently used as diuretic but the current indication is * in the treatment of:
- A. Liver cirrhosis
- B. CHF
- C. Glaucoma
- D. Kidney failure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used in treating glaucoma due to its ability to decrease intraocular pressure. The drug works by reducing the production of aqueous humor in the eye. This mechanism makes it an effective treatment for glaucoma. In contrast, liver cirrhosis (choice A) is typically managed with diuretics that act on the kidneys to reduce fluid accumulation. CHF (choice B) is commonly treated with loop diuretics to reduce fluid overload and improve cardiac function. Acetazolamide is not indicated for treating heart failure. Kidney failure (choice D) may require diuretics to manage fluid balance, but acetazolamide is not the first-line treatment in this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as acetazolamide's current indication is in the treatment of glaucoma.