Nokea
Dialysis is used to treat patients with:
- A. Acute glomerulonephritis.
- B. Renal failure.
- C. Nephrolithiasis.
- D. Pyelonephritis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Renal failure is a condition where the kidneys are unable to adequately filter waste from the blood.
2. Dialysis is a treatment used to perform the functions of the kidneys in patients with renal failure.
3. Dialysis helps remove excess waste, fluids, and toxins from the blood, maintaining proper electrolyte balance.
4. Patients with acute glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and pyelonephritis may not require dialysis as their conditions do not directly affect kidney function to the extent that renal failure does.
Summary:
- A: Acute glomerulonephritis does not always lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.
- C: Nephrolithiasis is the formation of kidney stones and may not always require dialysis.
- D: Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection and may not necessarily lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.
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A nurse is examining a 35-year-old female patient. During the health history, the nurse notices that she has had two term pregnancies, and both babies were delivered vaginally. During the internal examination, the nurse observes that the cervical os is a horizontal slit with some healed lacerations and that the cervix has some nabothian cysts that are small, smooth, and yellow. In addition, the nurse notices that the cervical surface is granular and red, especially around the os. Finally, the nurse notices the presence of stringy, opaque, odorless secretions. Which of these findings are abnormal?
- A. Nabothian cysts are present.
- B. The cervical os is a horizontal slit.
- C. The cervical surface is granular and red.
- D. Stringy, opaque secretions are present.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: The cervical surface is granular and red. This finding indicates inflammation or infection, as a healthy cervix should appear smooth and pink. The presence of granular and red surface could suggest cervicitis or another underlying issue that needs further evaluation or treatment.
A: Nabothian cysts are present - This is a normal finding and does not indicate any abnormality or concern.
B: The cervical os is a horizontal slit - This is a normal anatomical variation and does not indicate any abnormality.
D: Stringy, opaque secretions are present - This can be a normal finding depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle and does not necessarily indicate an abnormality.
When the nurse is performing a testicular examination on a 25-year-old man, which finding is considered normal?
- A. Nontender subcutaneous plaques
- B. Scrotal area that is dry, scaly, and nodular
- C. Testes that feel oval and movable and are slightly sensitive to compression
- D. Single, hard, circumscribed, movaNblUe RmSaIsNsG, lTeBss. CthOaMn 1 cm under the surface of the testes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because testes that feel oval, movable, and slightly sensitive to compression are considered normal during a testicular examination in a 25-year-old man. This finding indicates normal testicular anatomy and function.
Rationale:
1. Oval shape: Normal testes are typically oval in shape.
2. Movable: Normal testes should be able to move slightly within the scrotum.
3. Sensitive to compression: Slight sensitivity to compression is normal due to the presence of nerves and blood vessels in the testes.
Summary of other choices:
A: Nontender subcutaneous plaques - Not normal; could indicate conditions like Peyronie's disease.
B: Scrotal area that is dry, scaly, and nodular - Not normal; could suggest dermatological conditions or infections.
D: Single, hard, circumscribed, movable mass 1 cm under the surface of the testes - Not normal; could be indicative of a test
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. A nephron is made up of renal tubules and renal corpuscles, both of which perform different functions. Which of the following parts of the nephron is not correctly paired with its function?
- A. Glomerulus – Filtration of blood
- B. Collecting Ducts – Secretion of water
- C. Loop of Henle – Reabsorption of water
- D. Proximal Convoluted Tubules – Reabsorption of ions and solutes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Collecting Ducts - Secretion of water. Collecting ducts are responsible for reabsorption of water, not secretion. The other choices are correctly paired: A) Glomerulus filters blood, C) Loop of Henle reabsorbs water, D) Proximal Convoluted Tubules reabsorb ions and solutes. Collecting ducts play a crucial role in concentrating urine by reabsorbing water under the influence of hormones like ADH.
Intravenous Plain NSS infusion is the treatment of choice for the following complications of furosemide therapy:
- A. Hypokalemia
- B. Severe dehydration
- C. Dilutional hyponatremia
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Severe dehydration. Intravenous Plain NSS (Normal Saline Solution) infusion is the treatment of choice for severe dehydration due to its ability to rapidly restore fluid and electrolyte balance. Furosemide, a loop diuretic, can lead to excessive fluid loss and dehydration. Plain NSS helps replenish lost fluids and electrolytes quickly.
Rationale for other choices:
A: Hypokalemia - Furosemide can cause hypokalemia by increasing potassium excretion, but treatment involves potassium supplementation or potassium-sparing diuretics, not NSS infusion.
C: Dilutional hyponatremia - Furosemide can lead to dilutional hyponatremia by causing excessive water retention, but treatment focuses on fluid restriction and correcting underlying causes, not NSS infusion.
D: None of the above - This is incorrect as NSS infusion is indicated for severe dehydration in furosemide therapy.
A patient with suprapubic pain and symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency has two negative urine cultures. What is one assessment finding that would indicate interstitial cystitis?
- A. Residual urine greater than 200 mL
- B. A large, atonic bladder on urodynamic testing
- C. A voiding pattern that indicates psychogenic urinary retention
- D. Pain with bladder filling that is transiently relieved by urination
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Pain with bladder filling that is transiently relieved by urination is a classic symptom of interstitial cystitis. This pattern of pain is due to inflammation of the bladder lining, which worsens as the bladder fills with urine and improves temporarily after urination. This finding is specific to interstitial cystitis and not typically seen in other conditions.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: Residual urine greater than 200 mL is more indicative of bladder outlet obstruction or neurogenic bladder dysfunction, not specifically interstitial cystitis.
B: A large, atonic bladder on urodynamic testing is suggestive of neurogenic bladder or bladder outlet obstruction, not interstitial cystitis.
C: A voiding pattern indicating psychogenic urinary retention is more likely related to psychological factors affecting bladder function, not interstitial cystitis.