Nokea
Which of the following fungicidal drug that acts by inhibiting fungal squalene * epoxidase enzyme and is the drug of choice for onymycosis of the toe nails in 56 year old woman with diabetes?
- A. Griseofulvin
- B. Terbinane
- C. Itraconazole
- D. Amphotiricin B
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Terbinafine is the correct answer as it inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase, disrupting ergosterol synthesis in the fungal cell membrane. This drug is specifically effective against onychomycosis in diabetic patients due to its fungicidal action and good nail penetration. Griseofulvin (A) targets microtubules, not squalene epoxidase. Itraconazole (C) inhibits ergosterol synthesis via a different mechanism. Amphotericin B (D) disrupts fungal cell membrane by binding to ergosterol, not squalene epoxidase.
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Which of the following would be examples of foods selected to lower the pH of urine?
- A. Milk
- B. Tea
- C. Apples
- D. Meat
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Apples. Apples are acidic in nature, which can help lower the pH of urine. Consuming acidic foods can make the urine more acidic. Milk is alkaline, so it would raise the pH of urine. Tea can vary in acidity, but generally it is not chosen to lower urine pH. Meat is also not acidic and would not contribute to lowering urine pH. So, apples are the most suitable choice for lowering urine pH among the options provided.
A 25-year-old woman is concerned about the possibility of an STI. The nurse asks about her sexual history and recommends that she be tested for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Which of the following STIs can be detected through a Pap smear?
- A. Chlamydia.
- B. Gonorrhea.
- C. Trichomoniasis.
- D. HPV.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Trichomoniasis. A Pap smear can detect abnormal changes in the cervix caused by Trichomoniasis, which is a common STI. The test can identify the presence of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. The other choices, A: Chlamydia, B: Gonorrhea, and D: HPV, cannot be detected through a Pap smear as they require specific tests such as urine tests, swab tests, or blood tests. Chlamydia and Gonorrhea are bacterial infections, while HPV is a viral infection that can lead to cervical cancer but is not detectable through a Pap smear alone.
Which statement best describes Zidovudine:
- A. Zidovudine in combination with other antiretrovirals is an alternative initial treatment for HIV infection
- B. Zidovudine is also used to prevent transmission of HIV from the mother to her fetus and to treat AIDS-related dementia
- C. Peripheral neuropathy is a specific adverse reaction to Zidovudine
- D. Zidovudine is converted by cellular enzymes to an active form
Correct Answer: zidovudine diphosphate
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Zidovudine is converted by cellular enzymes to an active form (zidovudine diphosphate). Zidovudine itself is a prodrug that needs to be metabolized by cellular enzymes to its active form, zidovudine diphosphate, which inhibits HIV replication by acting as a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. This active form is essential for its antiretroviral activity.
Incorrect Choices:
A: Zidovudine in combination with other antiretrovirals is an alternative initial treatment for HIV infection - This is incorrect because zidovudine is commonly used in combination with other antiretrovirals as a first-line treatment for HIV infection, not as an alternative treatment.
B: Zidovudine is also used to prevent transmission of HIV from the mother to her fetus and to treat AIDS-related dementia - This is incorrect because zidovudine is primarily used in
Dialysis is used to treat patients with:
- A. Acute glomerulonephritis.
- B. Renal failure.
- C. Nephrolithiasis.
- D. Pyelonephritis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Renal failure is a condition where the kidneys are unable to adequately filter waste from the blood.
2. Dialysis is a treatment used to perform the functions of the kidneys in patients with renal failure.
3. Dialysis helps remove excess waste, fluids, and toxins from the blood, maintaining proper electrolyte balance.
4. Patients with acute glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and pyelonephritis may not require dialysis as their conditions do not directly affect kidney function to the extent that renal failure does.
Summary:
- A: Acute glomerulonephritis does not always lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.
- C: Nephrolithiasis is the formation of kidney stones and may not always require dialysis.
- D: Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection and may not necessarily lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.
Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins which has an extended spectrum of activity against many gram negative bacilli, is acid resistant but not penicillinase resistant?:
- A. Cloxacillin
- B. Amoxicillin
- C. Phenoxymethyl penicillin
- D. Piperacillin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amoxicillin. This penicillin has an extended spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacilli, making it effective against a wider range of bacteria. It is acid-resistant, allowing it to be taken orally, but it is not penicillinase-resistant, meaning it can be easily degraded by beta-lactamase enzymes.
A: Cloxacillin is penicillinase-resistant but does not have an extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli.
C: Phenoxymethyl penicillin is not acid-resistant and does not have an extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli.
D: Piperacillin has an extended spectrum of activity but is not acid-resistant and is susceptible to penicillinase.