Nokea
Direct renin inhibitors have the following properties. They:
- A. Are primarily generic drugs
- B. Are a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) medication that is safe during pregnancy
- C. Can be used with an angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor blocker medications for stronger impact
- D. Shut down' the entire RAAS cycle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Direct renin inhibitors (e.g., aliskiren) can be combined with ACEIs or ARBs for enhanced RAAS blockade.
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Phil is starting treatment with febuxostat (Uloric). Education of patients starting febuxostat includes:
- A. Gout may worsen with therapy
- B. Febuxostat may cause severe diarrhea
- C. He should consume a high-calcium diet
- D. He will need frequent CBC monitoring
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Febuxostat can initially worsen gout as uric acid mobilizes; diarrhea or calcium aren't emphasized.
Jim is having a hip replacement surgery and would like to self-donate blood for the surgery. In addition to being prescribed epogen alpha he should also be prescribed:
- A. Folic acid to prevent megaloblastic anemia
- B. Iron, to start when the epogen starts
- C. An antihypertensive to counter the adverse effects of epogen
- D. Vitamin B12 to prevent pernicious anemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Iron supports erythropoiesis with epoetin alfa; antihypertensives manage side effects, not prophylaxis.
Taking which drug with food maximizes it bioavailability?
- A. Donepezil
- B. Galantamine
- C. Rivastigmine
- D. Memantine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rivastigmine's bioavailability is maximized with food, reducing GI side effects.
As a clinical consultant for the Breathright drug research firm, you are given the task of using an in vitro assay to screen ten thousand drug analogs to find the most potent beta-2 receptor agonist. When analysing your data, the biomarker that you should screen for is:
- A. E max
- B. Emax
- C. EC50
- D. Half life
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Potency is measured by EC50 (dose producing 50% of max effect); lower EC50 indicates higher potency.
The following drugs are excreted in the bile except:
- A. Erythromycin
- B. Novobiocin
- C. Chloramphenicol
- D. Rifampicin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chloramphenicol is primarily excreted via the kidneys, not bile.