Nokea
Due to its potential for severe hepatoxicity, Nevirapine should NOT be * initiated in:
- A. Women with CD4 cell counts >150 cells/mm3 or in men with CD4 cell count >400 cells/mm3
- B. Women with CD4 cell counts >250 cells/mm3 or in men with CD4 cell count >400 cells/mm3
- C. Women with CD4 cell counts >250 cells/mm3 or in men with CD4 cell count >500 cells/mm3
- D. Women with CD4 cell counts >250 cells/mm3 or in men with CD4 cell count >450 cells/mm3
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Nevirapine is associated with an increased risk of severe hepatoxicity, especially within the first few weeks of treatment initiation. The recommended CD4 cell count thresholds for starting Nevirapine are lower in women compared to men to minimize this risk. In this case, women with CD4 cell counts >250 cells/mm3 and men with CD4 cell counts >450 cells/mm3 should not initiate Nevirapine due to the higher likelihood of developing hepatoxicity.
A is incorrect because the CD4 cell count thresholds are too high for both women and men. B is incorrect as it sets the threshold for women too high. C is incorrect because the threshold for men is too high. Thus, D is the most appropriate choice based on the recommended guidelines to minimize the risk of severe hepatoxicity.
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Which of the following drugs valuable in the treatment of edema and metabolic alkalosis?
- A. Digoxin
- B. Spironolactone
- C. Dobutamine
- D. Acetazolamide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acetazolamide. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that helps in the treatment of edema and metabolic alkalosis by promoting diuresis and increasing renal excretion of bicarbonate. It is effective in treating conditions associated with fluid retention and alkalosis.
A: Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart conditions like heart failure and atrial fibrillation, not edema or metabolic alkalosis.
B: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic commonly used for conditions like hypertension and heart failure, but not specifically for metabolic alkalosis.
C: Dobutamine is a beta-adrenergic agonist used in acute heart failure or shock situations, not for edema or alkalosis.
In summary, Acetazolamide is the correct choice as it directly targets edema and metabolic alkalosis by affecting renal excretion of bicarbonate. Other options are
The ________ is the endometrial layer that remains essentially unchanged during the menstrual
- A. myometrium
- B. functional layer
- C. corpus albicans
- D. basal layer
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: basal layer. The basal layer is the endometrial layer that remains essentially unchanged during the menstrual cycle. This layer serves as the foundation for the regrowth of the functional layer after menstruation. The myometrium (A) is the smooth muscle layer of the uterus, not the endometrial layer. The functional layer (B) is shed during menstruation and regenerates each cycle. The corpus albicans (C) is a remnant of the corpus luteum in the ovary, not related to the endometrium. Therefore, the basal layer is the correct answer as it is the only layer that remains unchanged during the menstrual cycle.
Which disease causes connective tissue changes that cause glomerulonephritis?
- A. Gout
- B. Amyloidosis
- C. Diabetes mellitus
- D. Systemic lupus erythematosus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, including the kidneys. In SLE, the immune system attacks healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage to the connective tissues in the kidneys, resulting in glomerulonephritis. Gout (A) is a form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals, not directly related to glomerulonephritis. Amyloidosis (B) is a condition where abnormal protein deposits can accumulate in organs, but it does not primarily cause glomerulonephritis. Diabetes mellitus (C) can lead to diabetic nephropathy, a common cause of kidney damage, but it does not directly cause glomerulonephritis associated with connective tissue changes.
A nurses colleague has applied an incontinence pad Select all that apply.
- A. Dietary history
- B. What principle
- C. Family history of renal stones
- D. Medication history
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dietary history. Understanding the patient's dietary habits can help identify potential triggers for incontinence, such as caffeine or alcohol intake. It also provides insight into fluid intake, which can impact incontinence.
Incorrect choices:
B: What principle - This is vague and does not provide relevant information for managing incontinence.
C: Family history of renal stones - While family history can be important for certain conditions, it is not directly related to managing incontinence.
D: Medication history - While medications can sometimes contribute to incontinence, dietary factors are typically more significant in this context.
During a physical examination, the nurse finds that a male patients foreskin is fixed and tight and will not retract over the glans. The nurse recognizes that this condition is:
- A. Phimosis.
- B. Epispadias.
- C. Urethral strictur
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Phimosis. Phimosis is the condition where the foreskin is tight and cannot retract over the glans. This is a common condition in males and can lead to issues such as difficulty urinating and increased risk of infections. Epispadias (B) is a congenital condition where the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis. Urethral stricture (C) is a narrowing of the urethra that can cause difficulty with urination, but it is not related to tight foreskin.