Nokea
Which of the following is a substance that the kidneys remove from the blood during filtration?
- A. Carbon Dioxide
- B. Salts
- C. Oxygen
- D. Red Blood Cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Salts. During filtration in the kidneys, salts (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride) are removed from the blood to maintain proper electrolyte balance. Carbon dioxide (A) is primarily eliminated through respiration, not filtration by the kidneys. Oxygen (C) is essential for cellular respiration and is not typically removed by the kidneys. Red blood cells (D) are not filtered out by the kidneys unless there is a medical condition affecting the kidneys' function. Thus, the correct answer is B as salts are one of the key substances removed during kidney filtration to regulate electrolyte levels in the body.
You may also like to solve these questions
A 52-year-old patient states that when she sneezes or coughs she wets herself a little. She is very concerned that something may be wrong with her. The nurse suspects that the problem is:
- A. Dysuria.
- B. Stress incontinence.
- C. Hematuria.
- D. Urge incontinence.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stress incontinence. This is the most likely issue because the patient leaks urine during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as sneezing or coughing. Stress incontinence is due to weakened pelvic floor muscles and sphincter, leading to leakage with exertion. Dysuria (choice A) is painful urination, not related to leakage. Hematuria (choice C) is blood in urine, not related to leakage. Urge incontinence (choice D) involves a sudden, strong urge to urinate and is not triggered by sneezing or coughing.
Combivir is a combination therapy used to treat HIV and AIDS include which of the following drugs?
- A. Lamivudine and stavudine
- B. Lamivudine and zidovudine
- C. Abacavir and zidovudine
- D. Abacavir and stavudine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lamivudine and zidovudine. Combivir is a combination therapy that contains these two drugs, which are commonly used together to treat HIV and AIDS. Lamivudine and zidovudine work synergistically to inhibit viral replication by targeting different stages of the HIV life cycle. Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that blocks the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, while zidovudine is also an NRTI that interferes with viral DNA synthesis. This combination helps reduce the viral load and improve the immune response in patients.
Incorrect Choices:
A: Lamivudine and stavudine - Stavudine is not part of the Combivir combination therapy.
C: Abacavir and zidovudine - Abacavir is not part of the Combivir combination therapy.
D: Abacavir and stavudine
The drug of choice for monilial diarrhea is:
- A. Amphothericin B
- B. Nystatin
- C. Ketoconazole
- D. Itraconazole
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why Nystatin is the correct choice for monilial diarrhea:
1. Nystatin is an antifungal medication specifically effective against Candida species causing monilial infections.
2. It works by binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, disrupting membrane integrity and causing cell death.
3. Nystatin is not absorbed systemically, making it suitable for gastrointestinal infections.
4. Amphothericin B is reserved for severe systemic fungal infections due to its significant toxicity. Ketoconazole and Itraconazole are not typically used for gastrointestinal Candida infections, as they are more commonly used for systemic fungal infections.
A patient with psychologic disorder is being treated with a drug. Few months he is worried that he is constantly thirsty and urinates copiously frequently throughout the day and night. Which of the following drugs most likely cause inappropriate secretion of ADH?
- A. Diazepam
- B. Lithium
- C. Haloperidol
- D. Phenytoin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lithium. Lithium is known to cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, leading to inappropriate secretion of ADH. This results in excessive thirst and copious urination. Diazepam (A) does not affect ADH secretion. Haloperidol (C) and Phenytoin (D) are not associated with ADH dysregulation.
A 70 year old man has severe urinary hesitancy associated with bPH. He has * tried alpha blockers with little effect. His physician recommends a drug that blocks 5α-reductase in the prostate which is:
- A. Leuprolide
- B. Finasteride
- C. Flutamide
- D. Ketoconazole
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Finasteride. Finasteride inhibits 5-alpha reductase, reducing conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate. This helps shrink the prostate gland, relieving urinary symptoms in BPH. Leuprolide (A) is a GnRH agonist used for prostate cancer. Flutamide (C) is an antiandrogen for prostate cancer. Ketoconazole (D) is an antifungal, not for BPH. Finasteride is the most appropriate choice for this patient based on mechanism of action and indication.