Nokea
Which of the following drug/(s) that is /are used to treat chronic hepatitis B?
- A. Lamivudine
- B. Human interferon α
- C. Amantadine
- D. (a) and (b) are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Lamivudine and Human interferon α are commonly used to treat chronic hepatitis B. Lamivudine is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor that helps inhibit viral replication. Human interferon α is a type of immunomodulatory drug that boosts the immune system to fight the virus. Amantadine (choice C) is not typically used for treating hepatitis B, making it incorrect. Therefore, the combination of Lamivudine and Human interferon α (choice D) is the most appropriate treatment option for chronic hepatitis B.
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The highest incidence of antibiotic associated pseudomembranous * enterocolitis has been noted with the use of:
- A. Ampicillin
- B. Chloramphenicol
- C. Vancomycin
- D. Clindamycin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Clindamycin. Clindamycin is associated with a high incidence of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis due to its strong impact on disrupting the normal gut flora, leading to overgrowth of Clostridium difficile. This bacterium can produce toxins causing inflammation and pseudomembrane formation in the colon. Ampicillin (A) can also cause C. difficile infection, but clindamycin is more strongly associated. Chloramphenicol (B) and vancomycin (C) are less commonly associated with pseudomembranous enterocolitis compared to clindamycin.
Which disease causes connective tissue changes that cause glomerulonephritis?
- A. Gout
- B. Amyloidosis
- C. Diabetes mellitus
- D. Systemic lupus erythematosus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, including the kidneys. In SLE, the immune system attacks healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage to the connective tissues in the kidneys, resulting in glomerulonephritis. Gout (A) is a form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals, not directly related to glomerulonephritis. Amyloidosis (B) is a condition where abnormal protein deposits can accumulate in organs, but it does not primarily cause glomerulonephritis. Diabetes mellitus (C) can lead to diabetic nephropathy, a common cause of kidney damage, but it does not directly cause glomerulonephritis associated with connective tissue changes.
Patients with nephrolithiasis or kidney stones need to increase fluid intake. This is to:
- A. Concentrate the urine.
- B. Help flush the stones through the urinary tract.
- C. Crystallize the struvite from the renal tubules.
- D. Break down the stones into smaller pieces that will more easily pass through the urinary tract.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Help flush the stones through the urinary tract. Increasing fluid intake can help dilute the urine, preventing stone formation and aiding in the passage of existing stones. Adequate hydration promotes frequent urination, which can help flush out the stones and reduce the risk of complications. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. A: Concentrating the urine can actually exacerbate stone formation. C: Struvite crystals are not typically formed in nephrolithiasis. D: Breaking down stones requires medical intervention, not just increased fluid intake.
A nurse is examining a 40-year-old woman for signs of ovarian cancer. She has a family history of ovarian cancer. Which statement does the nurse know to be true regarding ovarian cancer?
- A. Ovarian cancer often does not show symptoms until late stages.
- B. The Pap smear test detects the presence of ovarian cancer.
- C. Women at high risk for ovarian cancer should have an annual pelvic ultrasound.
- D. Women over the age of 50 should be screened for ovarian cancer annually.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ovarian cancer often does not show symptoms until late stages. This is true because ovarian cancer is often asymptomatic in the early stages, making it difficult to detect. By the time symptoms appear, the cancer is usually at an advanced stage.
Choice B is incorrect because the Pap smear test is used to detect cervical cancer, not ovarian cancer. Choice C is incorrect because while some high-risk women may benefit from periodic ultrasound screenings, it is not recommended for all women at high risk. Choice D is incorrect because there is no specific annual screening recommendation for ovarian cancer in women over the age of 50.
The Na+Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney is blocked by:
- A. Spironolactone
- B. Thiazides
- C. Furosemide
- D. Ethacrynic acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thiazides. Thiazides work by inhibiting the Na+/Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule, leading to decreased sodium reabsorption and increased urine output. This results in decreased blood volume and lower blood pressure. Spironolactone (A) works by blocking aldosterone receptors, affecting potassium and sodium balance. Furosemide (C) and Ethacrynic acid (D) act on the loop of Henle, inhibiting the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter. Therefore, the correct answer is B because thiazides specifically target the Na+/Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule.