Pathophysiology Practice Questions

Pathophysiology Practice Questions Related

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During a home visit to a family of three: a mother, father, and their child, the mother tells the community nurse that the father (who is not present) had hit the child on several occasions when he was drinking. The mother further explains that she has talked her husband into going to Alcoholics Anonymous and asks the nurse not to interfere so her husband won't get angry and refuse treatment. Which of the following is the best response of the nurse?

  • A. The nurse agrees not to interfere if the husband attends an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting that evening.
  • B. The nurse commends the mother's efforts and agrees to let her handle things.
  • C. The nurse commends the mother's efforts and also contacts protective services.
  • D. The nurse confronts the mother's failure to protect the child.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this situation, the best response for the nurse is to commend the mother's efforts in seeking help for her husband by encouraging him to attend Alcoholics Anonymous. However, it is crucial for the nurse to also contact protective services to ensure the safety and well-being of the child. Option A is incorrect as it is not appropriate to condition non-interference on the husband attending a meeting that evening. Option B is incorrect because solely letting the mother handle things might put the child at risk. Option D is incorrect as it does not address the immediate need to ensure the child's safety through involving protective services.

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Which of the following women are at highest risk for the development of endometrial cancer?

  • A. A 50-year-old postmenopausal woman with a history of high-risk human papillomavirus
  • B. A 45-year-old woman who is obese and has menstrual irregularities with periods of amenorrhea and infrequent periods.
  • C. A 40-year-old woman who is overweight and has hypertension.
  • D. A 55-year-old woman who smokes.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Obesity and irregular menstrual cycles, including periods of amenorrhea and infrequent periods, are significant risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer. Choice A is less likely as postmenopausal status reduces the risk. Choice C is not directly associated with a high risk of endometrial cancer. Choice D, smoking, is more strongly linked to other types of cancers like lung cancer rather than endometrial cancer.

A woman is complaining that she feels like the room is spinning even though she is not moving. Which of the following is characteristic of benign positional vertigo?

  • A. It usually occurs with a headache.
  • B. Pupillary changes are common.
  • C. It is usually triggered when the patient bends forward.
  • D. Nystagmus continues even when the eyes fixate on an object.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'It is usually triggered when the patient bends forward.' Benign positional vertigo is often triggered by changes in head position, such as bending forward. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. A is incorrect because benign positional vertigo is not typically associated with headaches. B is incorrect because pupillary changes are not a common feature of benign positional vertigo. D is incorrect because nystagmus in benign positional vertigo usually stops when the eyes fixate on an object.

What is a cause of the crystallization within the synovial fluid of the joint affected by gouty arthritis?

  • A. Destruction of proteoglycans
  • B. Underexcretion of uric acid
  • C. Overexcretion of uric acid
  • D. Increased absorption of uric acid
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Underexcretion of uric acid. Gouty arthritis is primarily caused by the underexcretion of uric acid, leading to its accumulation in joints and subsequent crystallization. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the pathophysiology of gout. Destruction of proteoglycans, overexcretion of uric acid, and increased absorption of uric acid are not primary causes of gouty arthritis.

The signs of thyroid crisis resulting from Graves' disease include:

  • A. constipation with gastric distension.
  • B. bradycardia and bradypnea.
  • C. hyperthermia and tachycardia.
  • D. constipation and lethargy.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Thyroid crisis in Graves' disease typically presents with hyperthermia (high body temperature) and tachycardia (rapid heart rate). These symptoms are a result of excessive thyroid hormone production and can lead to life-threatening complications if not promptly addressed. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because constipation with gastric distension, bradycardia and bradypnea, and constipation and lethargy are not typical signs of a thyroid crisis in Graves' disease.

A 30-year-old man has a history of heart transplant and is receiving long-term steroids to prevent rejection. The patient is due for routine vaccines. Attenuated vaccines are contraindicated in this patient because the antigen is:

  • A. live and can cause infection.
  • B. mutated and infectious.
  • C. inactive but still infectious.
  • D. pathogenic.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: live and can cause infection. In patients like the one described with a history of heart transplant and receiving long-term steroids, who are immunocompromised, live attenuated vaccines are contraindicated. Live vaccines contain weakened (attenuated) forms of the virus or bacteria, which can replicate and cause mild infections in healthy individuals but can lead to serious infections in immunocompromised individuals. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because attenuated vaccines are not mutated, not inactive, and not pathogenic in healthy individuals, respectively.

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