Nokea
During an acute inflammatory response which of the following is the first event
- A. Extravasation of neutrophils
- B. Upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules
- C. Secretion of opsonins
- D. Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules is the first event during an acute inflammatory response. This event facilitates the initial recruitment of leukocytes, including neutrophils, to the site of inflammation. Extravasation of neutrophils (choice A) occurs after adhesion molecules are upregulated. Secretion of opsonins (choice C) and phagocytosis (choice D) occur later in the inflammatory response process after the neutrophils have been recruited to the site of inflammation.
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the characteristic of blood types AB is
- A. a general receptor
- B. a general donor
- C. a receptor and donor
- D. neither donating nor receptor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a general receptor. Blood type AB individuals have both A and B antigens on their red blood cells, making them universal recipients since they can receive blood from all blood types without rejection. This is because they have no antibodies against A or B antigens. The other choices are incorrect because blood type AB individuals cannot be universal donors (choice B) as they have both A and B antigens, not making them suitable for all recipients. They are not both a receptor and donor (choice C) as they can only receive blood from all types, not donate to all. Lastly, they are not neither donating nor a receptor (choice D) since they can receive blood from all types, making them a receptor.
A couple lost a second baby to miscarriage. They are both considering having genetic testing done before trying to get pregnant again. What should the nurse include when teaching about genetic testing?
- A. A particular genetic test will tell them if there is a specific genetic change.
- B. The test results will identify the diseases their children will inherit from them.
- C. Genetic testing will determine if they are predisposed to developing a genetic disease.
- D. Genetic testing kits that are available on the Internet are just as good and less costly than going to a genetic counselor.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Genetic testing can identify specific genetic changes responsible for miscarriages but cannot predict all diseases or replace professional counseling.
A 78-year-old patient has developed Haemophilus influenzae. In addition to standard precautions, what should the nurse use to protect herself and other patients when working within 3 feet of the patient?
- A. Mask
- B. Gown
- C. Gloves
- D. Shoe covers
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Haemophilus influenzae is primarily transmitted via respiratory droplets. Wearing a mask is essential to prevent inhalation of these droplets within close proximity.
Which enzyme catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3'OH ends of DNA molecules?
- A. Phosphohydrolase
- B. T4 DNA ligase
- C. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
- D. DNA endonuclease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). TdT catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3'OH ends of DNA molecules. It does so by adding nucleotides in a template-independent manner, making it crucial for generating diversity in immune cell receptor genes.
A: Phosphohydrolase - This enzyme is not involved in adding deoxynucleotides to DNA ends.
B: T4 DNA ligase - This enzyme catalyzes the joining of DNA fragments, not the addition of deoxynucleotides.
D: DNA endonuclease - This enzyme cleaves DNA internally, not involved in adding deoxynucleotides to DNA ends.
A nurse caring for clients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) plans care understanding the most common causes of death for these clients is which of the following? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Infection
- B. Cardiovascular impairment
- C. Vasculitis
- D. Chronic kidney disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vasculitis. Vasculitis is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and can lead to serious organ damage and even death. In SLE, inflammation affects blood vessels, leading to vasculitis which can cause tissue damage and impaired blood flow. While infections, cardiovascular impairment, and chronic kidney disease are also common causes of mortality in SLE patients, vasculitis is specifically associated with the disease and its complications. Infections can occur due to the immune system's weakened response, cardiovascular issues can arise from inflammation and damage to the heart and blood vessels, and chronic kidney disease can develop due to immune complex deposition in the kidneys. However, vasculitis is the most directly linked cause of death in SLE patients due to its impact on multiple organ systems.