Nokea
During an assessment, Nurse Johnson observes Brudzinski's sign and Kernig's sign in a patient. She recognizes these as two classic indicators associated with a specific medical condition. Which disorder is Nurse Johnson likely considering based on these signs?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
- C. Seizure disorder
- D. Meningitis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Brudzinski's sign and Kernig's sign are indicative of meningeal irritation, commonly seen in meningitis.
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White matter refers to myelinated fibers in the:
- A. CNS
- B. PNS
- C. ANS
- D. SNS
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: White matter consists of myelinated axons found in the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS, ANS, and SNS contain myelinated fibers, but the term 'white matter' specifically refers to the CNS. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
Neurons come in which different type(s)?
- A. Sensory
- B. Motor
- C. Skeletal
- D. A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurons are classified into sensory neurons, which transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, and motor neurons, which carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Skeletal refers to muscle tissue, not neuron types. Understanding these types helps explain how the nervous system processes and responds to information.
Which of the following is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis?
- A. Haemophilus influenzae b
- B. Streptococcus agalactiae
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Streptococcus agalactiae. This bacterium is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis due to its ability to colonize the maternal genital tract and be transmitted to the newborn during delivery. It is a leading cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae b, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are more commonly associated with meningitis in older children and adults, rather than in neonates. Therefore, choice B is the most appropriate answer based on the specific context of neonatal meningitis.
Afferent nerves are called ______, and motor nerves are called ______.
- A. motor nerves; sensory nerves
- B. peripheral nerves; cranial nerves
- C. mixed nerves; motor nerves
- D. sensory nerves; efferent nerves
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Afferent nerves are sensory nerves that carry signals toward the CNS, while efferent nerves are motor nerves that carry signals away from the CNS. Motor nerves and sensory nerves are not interchangeable terms, making D the correct answer.
The lateral spinothalamic tract:
- A. carries fibres which terminate in the thalamus
- B. contains mainly the second-order neurones.
- C. carries fibres that carry information on temperature and pain
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The lateral spinothalamic tract carries second-order neurons transmitting pain and temperature information to the thalamus. It is a critical pathway for sensory perception and is involved in relaying these sensations to higher brain centers.