Nokea
The following are neurotransmitters in the autonomic ganglia:
- A. GABA
- B. noradrenaline
- C. acetylcholine
- D. 5 HT
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter in autonomic ganglia, where it mediates synaptic transmission between pre- and post-ganglionic neurons. GABA, noradrenaline, and 5-HT are not involved in ganglionic transmission.
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Acetylcholine and norepinephrine act because of their affect on receptors at the ________ membrane.
- A. axonal
- B. cell body
- C. presynaptic
- D. postsynaptic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine exert their effects by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of neurons. When these neurotransmitters bind to their receptors, they trigger changes in the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential, either exciting or inhibiting the neuron. This interaction is essential for transmitting signals across synapses and enabling communication within the nervous system.
A 63-year-old patient taking carbidopa/levodopa 25/100 mg four times a day for PD is experiencing end-of-dose wearing off. The best recommendation is to:
- A. Add tolcapone.
- B. Add entacapone.
- C. Consider deep-brain stimulation (DBS).
- D. Change carbidopa/levodopa to three times a day.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Entacapone, like tolcapone, is a COMT inhibitor that can help manage wearing-off symptoms by extending the duration of levodopa's effect.
Quadriplegia or tetraplegia refers to paralysis involving what part(s) of the body?
- A. all four limbs
- B. the entire body
- C. the legs and feet
- D. the arms and hands
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, refers to paralysis affecting all four limbs and typically the torso. It is usually caused by a spinal cord injury in the cervical region, which disrupts communication between the brain and the limbs.
A lumbar puncture is performed on a child suspected of having bacterial meningitis. CSF is obtained for analysis. A nurse reviews the results of the CSF analysis and determines that which of the following results would verify the diagnosis?
- A. Cloudy CSF, decreased protein, and decreased glucose
- B. Cloudy CSF, elevated protein, and decreased glucose
- C. Clear CSF, elevated protein, and decreased glucose
- D. Clear CSF, decreased pressure, and elevated protein
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bacterial meningitis is characterized by cloudy CSF due to the presence of white blood cells, elevated protein levels, and decreased glucose levels. These findings result from the inflammatory response to bacterial infection in the meninges. Confirming these results is critical for initiating appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Trace the flow of blood for a nephron.
- A. peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole
- B. efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
- C. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
- D. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct sequence is afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, and peritubular capillaries. Blood enters the nephron through the afferent arteriole, is filtered in the glomerulus, exits through the efferent arteriole, and then flows into the peritubular capillaries, where reabsorption and secretion occur. This pathway ensures efficient filtration and processing of blood in the kidneys.