Nokea
Which is the smallest cranial nerve?
- A. olfactory nerve (I)
- B. occulomotor nerve (III)
- C. trochlear nerve (IV)
- D. abducent nerve (VI)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The trochlear nerve (IV) is the smallest cranial nerve. It innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps control eye movement.
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Which of these is the most important cause of adult onset epilepsy?
- A. neurocysticercosis
- B. neurotoxoplasmosis
- C. primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
- D. African trypanosomiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: neurocysticercosis. Neurocysticercosis is the most common cause of adult onset epilepsy worldwide. It is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium. The larvae can infect the brain and lead to seizures. Neurotoxoplasmosis (B) is more commonly associated with HIV patients. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (C) is caused by the amoeba Naegleria fowleri and is rare. African trypanosomiasis (D) does not typically cause epilepsy. Therefore, neurocysticercosis is the most important cause of adult onset epilepsy due to its global prevalence and direct impact on the brain leading to seizures.
The damage to IX, X & XII cranial nerves produce:
- A. bulbar palsy
- B. pseudobulbar palsy
- C. Brown-Sequard syndrome
- D. Argyle-Robertson syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bulbar palsy is the correct answer because it results from damage to the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves IX, X, and XII, which are located in the medulla oblongata. This condition leads to dysphagia, dysarthria, and tongue atrophy due to the loss of motor control in the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and tongue.
To plan effective care for patients diagnosed with somatic system disorders, the nurse should understand that patients have difficulty giving up the symptoms because the symptoms:
- A. are generally chronic in nature.
- B. have a physiological basis.
- C. can be voluntarily controlled.
- D. provide relief from health anxiety.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Patients with somatic symptom disorders often experience health anxiety.
2. Symptoms provide a form of relief or distraction from this anxiety.
3. Understanding this helps nurses plan effective care by addressing underlying anxiety.
4. Option D is correct as it directly addresses the role of symptoms in providing relief.
Summary:
- Option A is incorrect because chronicity does not explain the reluctance to give up symptoms.
- Option B is incorrect as having a physiological basis does not necessarily relate to difficulty giving up symptoms.
- Option C is incorrect because symptoms in somatic system disorders are typically not voluntarily controlled.
The upper motor neuron impairment produces the following change of muscles tone:
- A. flaccidity
- B. spasticity
- C. "cog wheel" rigidity
- D. myoclonia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Spasticity is the correct answer because upper motor neuron lesions typically result in increased muscle tone due to the loss of inhibitory signals from the brain. This leads to hyperreflexia, clonus, and rigidity, which are hallmark signs of spasticity. The condition arises from damage to the corticospinal tract, which disrupts the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the motor neurons.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted to the emergency room after a motor vehicle crash. Which assessment is most important for the nurse to complete?
- A. Babinski test
- B. Romberg test
- C. Glasgow Coma Scale
- D. Visual analogue scale
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the most important assessment for evaluating the level of consciousness in a patient with a head injury. The Babinski and Romberg tests assess motor function and balance, while the visual analogue scale measures pain. The GCS provides critical information about the patient's neurological status.