Nokea
During internal and external respiration, gases move by
- A. osmosis
- B. active transport
- C. diffusion
- D. endocytosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: diffusion. During internal and external respiration, gases move from areas of high concentration to low concentration through passive diffusion. This process is driven by the concentration gradient, allowing gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange in the lungs and tissues. Osmosis (A) is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, not gases. Active transport (B) requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient, which is not how gases move during respiration. Endocytosis (D) is a process where cells engulf substances by forming vesicles, not how gases are exchanged in respiration.
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The experienced LPN/LVN is providing nursing care for a client with a respiratory problem. Which of the following actions are appropriate to the scope of practice for an experienced LPN/LVN? (Choose all that apply.)
- A. Auscultate breath sounds.
- B. Administer MDI (multidose inhaler) medications.
- C. Check oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry.
- D. Evaluate client's technique for using MDIs.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer includes A, B, and C. Auscultating breath sounds, administering MDI medications, and checking oxygen saturation are within the scope of practice for an LPN/LVN. Evaluating the client's technique (D) may require more advanced assessment skills typically performed by RNs.
A client has returned to the coronary care unit after having a coronary angiogram. Which assessment data indicate the need for immediate action by the nurse?
- A. Diminished pedal pulse volume
- B. Heart rate 100 beats/min
- C. Blood pressure 104/60 mm Hg
- D. Capillary refill less than 3 seconds
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diminished pedal pulse volume. This indicates potential circulation compromise, which can lead to ischemia or impaired tissue perfusion. Immediate action is required to prevent further complications. B: Heart rate 100 beats/min is within normal range. C: Blood pressure 104/60 mm Hg is slightly low but not critically concerning. D: Capillary refill less than 3 seconds indicates good peripheral perfusion.
A male adult patient hospitalized for treatment of a pulmonary embolism develops respiratory alkalosis. Which clinical findings commonly accompany respiratory alkalosis?
- A. Nausea or vomiting
- B. Abdominal pain or diarrhea
- C. Hallucinations or tinnitus
- D. Lightheadedness or paresthesia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Lightheadedness or paresthesia. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, leading to decreased carbon dioxide levels and an increase in pH. This can result in symptoms such as lightheadedness (from decreased cerebral blood flow) and paresthesia (tingling sensations due to changes in calcium ionization). Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are not typically associated with respiratory alkalosis. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are more commonly seen in metabolic alkalosis, while hallucinations and tinnitus are not typical symptoms of respiratory alkalosis.
Diaphragm is supplied with Phrenic nerve and is involved in
- A. Inspiration
- B. Parturition
- C. Micturition and Defecation
- D. All these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All these. The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, which is responsible for inspiration (A). During parturition (B), the diaphragm plays a role in the pushing phase of labor. While the diaphragm is not directly involved in micturition and defecation (C), it indirectly affects these processes by helping to create intra-abdominal pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is D as the diaphragm is involved in inspiration, parturition, and indirectly affects micturition and defecation.
The nurse is performing a respiratory assessment of a patient who has been experiencing episodes of hypoxia. The nurse is aware that this is ultimately attributable to impaired gas exchange. On what factor does adequate gas exchange primarily depend?
- A. An appropriate perfusion-diffusion ratio
- B. An adequate ventilation-perfusion ratio
- C. Adequate diffusion of gas in shunted blood
- D. Appropriate blood nitrogen concentration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: An adequate ventilation-perfusion ratio. Adequate gas exchange primarily depends on the matching of ventilation (air reaching the alveoli) and perfusion (blood flow to the alveoli). A mismatch in this ratio can lead to impaired gas exchange, resulting in hypoxia. Option A relates to gas movement efficiency but does not address the matching of ventilation and perfusion. Option C mentions shunted blood, which is not directly related to the ventilation-perfusion ratio. Option D is unrelated to gas exchange. In summary, the ventilation-perfusion ratio is crucial for optimal gas exchange, making it the correct choice.