Nokea
Which of the following substances is activated by passage through the pulmonary circulation?
- A. Bradykinin
- B. Serotonin
- C. Noradrenaline
- D. Angiotensin 1
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Angiotensin 1. When blood passes through the pulmonary circulation, angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin 1 by the enzyme renin. This activation occurs in the lungs. Bradykinin, serotonin, and noradrenaline are not activated in the pulmonary circulation. Bradykinin is a peptide released during inflammation, serotonin is a neurotransmitter, and noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter and hormone. Therefore, D is the only substance activated by passage through the pulmonary circulation.
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A male adult patient hospitalized for treatment of a pulmonary embolism develops respiratory alkalosis. Which clinical findings commonly accompany respiratory alkalosis?
- A. Nausea or vomiting
- B. Abdominal pain or diarrhea
- C. Hallucinations or tinnitus
- D. Lightheadedness or paresthesia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Lightheadedness or paresthesia. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, leading to decreased carbon dioxide levels and an increase in pH. This can result in symptoms such as lightheadedness (from decreased cerebral blood flow) and paresthesia (tingling sensations due to changes in calcium ionization). Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are not typically associated with respiratory alkalosis. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are more commonly seen in metabolic alkalosis, while hallucinations and tinnitus are not typical symptoms of respiratory alkalosis.
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the
- A. PO2 of the alveoli
- B. PCO2 of the blood
- C. thickness of the respiratory membrane
- D. PN2 of the alveoli
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: PN2 of the alveoli. The rate of external respiration is primarily influenced by the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the alveoli, as it drives oxygen diffusion into the blood. PCO2 affects the removal of carbon dioxide. The thickness of the respiratory membrane impacts gas exchange efficiency. However, PN2 does not significantly impact gas exchange in the lungs, as nitrogen (N2) is inert and does not participate in gas exchange. Thus, PN2 of the alveoli does not affect the rate of external respiration.
The common drugs used against TB is
- A. Para amino salicylic acid (PAS)
- B. Ethambutol
- C. Steptomycin
- D. All these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All these." PAS, Ethambutol, and Streptomycin are all common drugs used against TB. PAS inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis, Ethambutol inhibits cell wall synthesis, and Streptomycin inhibits protein synthesis. Using a combination of these drugs helps to target different aspects of TB bacteria, reducing the likelihood of resistance development. Therefore, all of these drugs are essential in the treatment of TB, making choice D the correct answer.
The nasal conchae epithelial surface serves to:
- A. Warm and moisten inhaled air, via air turbulence.
- B. Help filter dust and insects from the inhaled air
- C. Recapture moisture from exhaled air to preserve fluid.
- D. All of the above are correct.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale: The nasal conchae increase surface area, causing air turbulence to warm, moisten, and filter inhaled air. This helps in preventing respiratory issues. Choice A is correct as it explains the primary function of the conchae. Choice B is incorrect as the primary function is not filtering. Choice C is incorrect as the conchae primarily warm and moisten inhaled air rather than recapture moisture from exhaled air. Overall, choice D is correct as it encompasses all the functions of the nasal conchae.
which factors affect on exercise.
- A. body temperature
- B. smoking
- C. physical exercise
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Body temperature (A) is a factor as it affects how efficiently muscles work during exercise. Smoking (B) can negatively impact exercise performance and overall health. Physical exercise (C) is an obvious factor that directly influences exercise outcomes. Therefore, all three factors are interconnected and collectively influence an individual's exercise capacity and performance.