Nokea
The left lung has two lobes and they are separated by Deep fissure called .
- A. horizontal fissure
- B. oblique fissure
- C. Vertical fissure
- D. non of them
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: oblique fissure. The left lung has two lobes, the upper lobe and the lower lobe, which are separated by the oblique fissure. This fissure extends obliquely downward and forward from the posterior border of the lung.
Rationale:
1. The horizontal fissure separates the right lung into upper and middle lobes, not the left lung.
2. There is no such structure as a vertical fissure in the human lung anatomy.
3. "Non of them" is grammatically incorrect and does not provide a valid option.
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A male adult patient hospitalized for treatment of a pulmonary embolism develops respiratory alkalosis. Which clinical findings commonly accompany respiratory alkalosis?
- A. Nausea or vomiting
- B. Abdominal pain or diarrhea
- C. Hallucinations or tinnitus
- D. Lightheadedness or paresthesia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Lightheadedness or paresthesia. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, leading to decreased carbon dioxide levels and an increase in pH. This can result in symptoms such as lightheadedness (from decreased cerebral blood flow) and paresthesia (tingling sensations due to changes in calcium ionization). Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are not typically associated with respiratory alkalosis. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are more commonly seen in metabolic alkalosis, while hallucinations and tinnitus are not typical symptoms of respiratory alkalosis.
One way to improve respiratory performance with age is to
- A. eat smaller meals
- B. stop smoking
- C. sleep longer
- D. maintain normal glucose levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: stop smoking. Smoking can damage the lungs and reduce respiratory function. By quitting smoking, lung health can improve, leading to better respiratory performance with age. Eating smaller meals, sleeping longer, and maintaining normal glucose levels do not directly impact respiratory performance. Smoking cessation is the most effective way to improve lung function and overall respiratory health.
During internal and external respiration, gases move by
- A. osmosis
- B. active transport
- C. diffusion
- D. endocytosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: diffusion. During internal and external respiration, gases move from areas of high concentration to low concentration through passive diffusion. This process is driven by the concentration gradient, allowing gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange in the lungs and tissues. Osmosis (A) is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, not gases. Active transport (B) requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient, which is not how gases move during respiration. Endocytosis (D) is a process where cells engulf substances by forming vesicles, not how gases are exchanged in respiration.
A male patient has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is a smoker. The nurse notices respiratory distress and no breath sounds over the left chest. Which type of pneumothorax should the nurse suspect is occurring?
- A. Tension pneumothorax
- B. Iatrogenic pneumothorax
- C. Traumatic pneumothorax
- D. Spontaneous pneumothorax
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In this scenario, the patient has a history of COPD and is a smoker, making spontaneous pneumothorax more likely. Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs without any trauma or injury and is often seen in patients with underlying lung conditions like COPD.
The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation is known as the
- A. Bainbridge reflex
- B. Bohr effect
- C. pulmonary reflex
- D. respiratory effect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bohr effect. This effect describes how pH affects hemoglobin saturation. When pH decreases (becomes more acidic), hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases, promoting oxygen unloading in tissues. This is due to the protonation of histidine residues in hemoglobin, altering its structure. The other choices are incorrect because the Bainbridge reflex is related to heart rate regulation in response to changes in blood volume, the pulmonary reflex relates to the regulation of breathing in response to changes in blood oxygen levels, and the respiratory effect is a general term that does not specifically describe the pH effect on hemoglobin saturation.