Immune System ATI Quizlet

Immune System ATI Quizlet Related

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During the adaptive immune response mature dendritic cells provide polarizing cytokines that influence the differentiation of Th subsets. The polarizing cytokine(s) produced by a dendritic cell depends on:

  • A. Whether it expresses MHC class I or MHC class II molecules
  • B. The type of pathogen it encounters
  • C. Which type of Fc receptor it expresses
  • D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The type of pathogen it encounters. Dendritic cells produce different polarizing cytokines based on the type of pathogen they encounter. This is crucial for directing the differentiation of T helper (Th) subsets. Choice A is incorrect because the expression of MHC class I or II molecules by dendritic cells is important for antigen presentation to T cells, not for determining polarizing cytokines. Choice C is also incorrect because Fc receptors are involved in antibody-mediated immune responses, not in determining polarizing cytokines. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it directly influences the differentiation of Th subsets by providing appropriate polarizing cytokines based on the encountered pathogen.

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Phagocytes were discovered by:

  • A. Ilya Metchnikoff
  • B. Louis Pasteur
  • C. Emil von Behring
  • D. Robert Koch
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ilya Metchnikoff. He discovered phagocytes through his research on immune responses in starfish larvae. Metchnikoff observed cells engulfing foreign particles, leading to the discovery of phagocytosis. Louis Pasteur is famous for his work in microbiology and vaccination. Emil von Behring discovered antitoxins. Robert Koch is known for his work in bacteriology and identifying the causative agents of diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is A as Metchnikoff specifically discovered phagocytes.

To what is the increase in emerging and untreatable infections attributed (select all that apply)?

  • A. The evolution of new infectious agents
  • B. Use of antibiotics to treat viral infections
  • C. Human population encroachment into wilderness areas
  • D. Transmission of infectious agents from humans to animals
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer includes options A, B, C, and E. The evolution of new infectious agents, inappropriate use of antibiotics, human encroachment into wilderness areas, and an increased number of immunosuppressed individuals contribute significantly to the rise in untreatable infections. Transmission from humans to animals is less relevant compared to zoonotic transmission from animals to humans.

Which of the following concerned with Leishmania is NOT true

  • A. Meditated by IgE
  • B. Is a unicellular parasite
  • C. Activation of macrophages is essential for killing the parasite
  • D. Escapes host immune attack by hiding inside neutrophils
Correct Answer: a

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mediated by IgE. Leishmania infection is not primarily mediated by IgE antibodies. The immune response against Leishmania involves T cells, macrophages, and cytokines. IgE is not a major player in the defense against Leishmania. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because Leishmania is indeed a unicellular parasite, activation of macrophages is essential for killing the parasite, and Leishmania can hide inside neutrophils to escape the host immune attack.

What are the two phases of Type I hypersensitivity?

  • A. Early phase and latent phase
  • B. Immediate phase and late phase
  • C. Acute phase and chronic phase
  • D. Primary phase and secondary phase
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Immediate phase and late phase. In Type I hypersensitivity, the immediate phase occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen, leading to the release of mediators like histamine. The late phase occurs several hours later, involving sustained inflammatory response.
A: Early phase and latent phase - Incorrect because the terms do not accurately describe the phases of Type I hypersensitivity.
C: Acute phase and chronic phase - Incorrect because Type I hypersensitivity does not typically progress to a chronic phase.
D: Primary phase and secondary phase - Incorrect as these terms are not commonly used to describe the phases of Type I hypersensitivity.

Which description about a nurse who develops a contact dermatitis from wearing latex gloves is accurate?

  • A. This demonstrates a type I allergic reaction to natural latex proteins.
  • B. Use powder-free latex gloves to prevent the development of symptoms.
  • C. Use an oil-based hand cream when wearing gloves to prevent latex allergy.
  • D. This demonstrates a type IV allergic reaction to chemicals used in the manufacture of latex gloves.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Contact dermatitis from latex gloves is typically a type IV hypersensitivity reaction to chemicals used in glove manufacturing.

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