Nokea
The annotation B refers to which DNA component?
- A. Recombinant DNA
- B. Plasmid DNA
- C. Vector DNA
- D. Insert DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vector DNA. In genetic engineering, a vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic material into another cell. Plasmid DNA (choice B) is a type of vector, but not all vectors are plasmids. Recombinant DNA (choice A) refers to DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA from different sources. Insert DNA (choice D) is the foreign genetic material that is inserted into a vector. Therefore, the most specific and accurate choice is C, Vector DNA, as it encompasses all types of vectors used in genetic engineering.
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Which scientist is credited with introducing the germ theory of disease?
- A. Louis Pasteur
- B. Edward Jenner
- C. Elie Metchnikoff
- D. Paul Ehrlich
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Louis Pasteur is credited with introducing the germ theory of disease. He conducted experiments that demonstrated the role of microorganisms in causing infections. He also developed pasteurization to kill harmful bacteria in food and beverages. Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine, not the germ theory. Elie Metchnikoff studied the immune system and phagocytosis. Paul Ehrlich is known for his work on chemotherapy and the concept of the "magic bullet," targeting specific pathogens.
Which delivery system would be used to deliver regional chemotherapy for metastasis from a primary colorectal cancer?
- A. Intrathecal
- B. Intraarterial
- C. Intravenous
- D. Intraperitoneal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intraarterial chemotherapy delivers drugs directly to the arterial supply of the tumor, useful for metastatic colorectal cancer.
What are the two phases of Type I hypersensitivity?
- A. Early phase and latent phase
- B. Immediate phase and late phase
- C. Acute phase and chronic phase
- D. Primary phase and secondary phase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Immediate phase and late phase. In Type I hypersensitivity, the immediate phase occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen, leading to the release of mediators like histamine. The late phase occurs several hours later, involving sustained inflammatory response.
A: Early phase and latent phase - Incorrect because the terms do not accurately describe the phases of Type I hypersensitivity.
C: Acute phase and chronic phase - Incorrect because Type I hypersensitivity does not typically progress to a chronic phase.
D: Primary phase and secondary phase - Incorrect as these terms are not commonly used to describe the phases of Type I hypersensitivity.
A 26-year-old man was adopted. What health information related to his biological parents and family will be most useful to him when he gets married (select all that apply)?
- A. Cholecystitis occurring in family members
- B. Occurrence of prostate cancer in one uncle
- C. Ages of family members diagnosed with diseases
- D. Kidney stones present in extended family members
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Information about specific diseases like prostate cancer, ages of diagnosis, and causes of death provide critical insights into potential hereditary risks, making them highly relevant for future health planning.
Peyer's patches are found in the:
- A. Intestine
- B. Spleen
- C. Lungs
- D. Skin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peyer's patches are lymphoid nodules located in the small intestine, specifically in the ileum. They play a crucial role in the immune response of the gut. The correct answer is A: Intestine because Peyer's patches are specifically found in the intestine. The other choices are incorrect because the spleen is a different organ involved in filtering blood, the lungs are primarily involved in respiration, and the skin is the body's largest organ responsible for protection and thermoregulation.