Nokea
Which of the following is NOT an organ-specific autoimmune disease
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Lupus
- C. Diabetes
- D. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lupus. Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs and tissues throughout the body, rather than being specific to a single organ. Multiple sclerosis (A) is a neurological autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. Diabetes (C) is an autoimmune disease that affects the pancreas. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (D) is an autoimmune disease targeting the thyroid gland. Lupus does not specifically target a single organ, making it the correct choice.
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What are the characteristics of the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system (select all that apply)?
- A. CO2 is eliminated by the lung
- B. Neutralizes HCl acid to yield carbonic acid and salt
- C. H2CO3 formed by neutralization dissociates into H2O and CO2
- D. Shifts H+ in and out of cell in exchange for other cations such as potassium and sodium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This buffer system eliminates CO2 via lungs, neutralizes acids/bases, shifts hydrogen ions across membranes, and maintains pH balance.
What receptor is targeted in Grave's disease, a Type V hypersensitivity reaction?
- A. Insulin receptor
- B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor
- C. Complement receptor
- D. CD4 receptor
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor. In Grave's disease, autoantibodies bind to and activate the TSH receptor on thyroid cells, leading to hyperthyroidism. This is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction. Insulin receptor (A) is not involved in Grave's disease. Complement receptor (C) is not the target in this condition. CD4 receptor (D) is primarily involved in T cell activation, not in Grave's disease.
Which of the statements below is NOT true. Integration is a stage of HIV life cycle that
- A. Utilizes a host enzyme called integrase
- B. Is a target of some anti-HIV drugs
- C. Allows duplication of proviral DNA when the infected cell divides
- D. Requires the formation of double stranded DNA
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Integration is a stage of HIV life cycle that involves the insertion of viral DNA into the host cell's genome, facilitated by the enzyme integrase. To explain why A is incorrect, integrase is a viral enzyme, not a host enzyme.
B is correct as some anti-HIV drugs target the integration stage to prevent viral replication.
C is correct as integrated proviral DNA allows for duplication during cell division.
D is correct as integration requires the formation of double-stranded viral DNA.
A 26-year-old man was adopted. What health information related to his biological parents and family will be most useful to him when he gets married (select all that apply)?
- A. Cholecystitis occurring in family members
- B. Occurrence of prostate cancer in one uncle
- C. Ages of family members diagnosed with diseases
- D. Kidney stones present in extended family members
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Information about specific diseases like prostate cancer, ages of diagnosis, and causes of death provide critical insights into potential hereditary risks, making them highly relevant for future health planning.
Which cells are responsible for antigen presentation to T cells?
- A. Plasma cells
- B. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
- C. NK cells
- D. Eosinophils
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs). APCs, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, are specialized cells that capture, process, and present antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response. They express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules for antigen presentation. Plasma cells (A) produce antibodies, NK cells (C) are involved in killing infected cells, and eosinophils (D) are primarily involved in parasitic infections and allergic responses, not antigen presentation to T cells.