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Which description about a nurse who develops a contact dermatitis from wearing latex gloves is accurate?
- A. This demonstrates a type I allergic reaction to natural latex proteins.
- B. Use powder-free latex gloves to prevent the development of symptoms.
- C. Use an oil-based hand cream when wearing gloves to prevent latex allergy.
- D. This demonstrates a type IV allergic reaction to chemicals used in the manufacture of latex gloves.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Contact dermatitis from latex gloves is typically a type IV hypersensitivity reaction to chemicals used in glove manufacturing.
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What is the role of antibodies in adaptive immunity?
- A. Antigen presentation
- B. Pathogen destruction through phagocytosis
- C. Neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation
- D. Direct killing of infected cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation. Antibodies play a crucial role in adaptive immunity by neutralizing pathogens, facilitating their destruction through opsonization, and activating the complement system for pathogen elimination. This is achieved through binding to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction by phagocytes, and triggering the complement cascade. Options A, B, and D are incorrect because antibodies do not directly present antigens, perform phagocytosis, or kill infected cells.
Which cells are involved in innate immunity?
- A. B lymphocytes
- B. T lymphocytes
- C. Natural killer cells
- D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Natural killer cells. Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system and play a crucial role in identifying and destroying infected or abnormal cells. They are able to recognize and target cells that lack specific markers, providing a rapid response to infections.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: B lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune system, not innate immunity.
B: T lymphocytes are also part of the adaptive immune system, not involved in innate immunity.
D: Plasma cells are differentiated B cells that produce antibodies in the adaptive immune response, not part of innate immunity.
Which of the following is not a type of anemia?
- A. Iron deficiency anemia
- B. Sickle cell anemia
- C. Aplastic anemia
- D. Diabetes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diabetes. Anemia is a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Diabetes does not directly cause anemia; it is a metabolic disorder affecting blood sugar levels. Iron deficiency anemia (A) is caused by a lack of iron, sickle cell anemia (B) is a genetic disorder affecting red blood cells, and aplastic anemia (C) is a bone marrow disorder. Therefore, the other choices are types of anemia, while diabetes is not.
What are the two phases of Type I hypersensitivity?
- A. Early phase and latent phase
- B. Immediate phase and late phase
- C. Acute phase and chronic phase
- D. Primary phase and secondary phase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Immediate phase and late phase. In Type I hypersensitivity, the immediate phase occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen, leading to the release of mediators like histamine. The late phase occurs several hours later, involving sustained inflammatory response.
A: Early phase and latent phase - Incorrect because the terms do not accurately describe the phases of Type I hypersensitivity.
C: Acute phase and chronic phase - Incorrect because Type I hypersensitivity does not typically progress to a chronic phase.
D: Primary phase and secondary phase - Incorrect as these terms are not commonly used to describe the phases of Type I hypersensitivity.
Which factor is primarily responsible for the division of bacterial populations into specific zones within sediments?
- A. predation by protozoans
- B. free oxygen availability
- C. competition for suitable electron acceptors
- D. cometabolism of organic compounds
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: free oxygen availability. In sediment environments, free oxygen availability plays a crucial role in determining bacterial population distribution due to oxygen gradients. Bacteria that require oxygen will be found in aerobic zones where oxygen is present, while anaerobic bacteria will thrive in zones with limited or no oxygen. This division is primarily responsible for the spatial organization of bacterial populations within sediments.
Choice A: Predation by protozoans is not primarily responsible for division of bacterial populations within sediments as it focuses on interactions between different organisms rather than the environmental factor of oxygen availability.
Choice C: While competition for suitable electron acceptors is important for microbial communities, it is not the primary factor responsible for the division of bacterial populations within sediments.
Choice D: Cometabolism of organic compounds refers to the metabolism of compounds alongside the primary substrate, and it is not directly related to the spatial distribution of bacterial populations within sediments based on oxygen availability.