Nokea
Which of the following statements is NOT true
- A. The highest prevalence of HIV infection is found in Sub-Saharan Africa
- B. Vaccines using attenuated HIV virus are in a "phase II" clinical trial
- C. During the clinical latency of HIV infection the counts of CD4+ lymphocytes are progressively diminishing
- D. During the final stages of the disease the viral RNA titer is high
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because vaccines using attenuated HIV virus are not in a "phase II" clinical trial. Attenuated virus vaccines are risky due to potential reversion to virulence. A: True, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest HIV prevalence. C: CD4+ counts decline during clinical latency. D: Viral RNA titer increases in the final stages.
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Acute-phase proteins include
- A. Selectins
- B. Mannose binding lectin (MBL)
- C. Lysozyme
- D. Defensins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Acute-phase proteins are a group of proteins produced by the liver in response to inflammation or infection.
Step 2: Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is an acute-phase protein that plays a role in the innate immune response.
Step 3: MBL binds to pathogens and activates the complement system to enhance immune responses.
Step 4: Selectins are cell adhesion molecules, not acute-phase proteins.
Step 5: Lysozyme is an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls, not typically classified as an acute-phase protein.
Step 6: Defensins are antimicrobial peptides, not typically classified as acute-phase proteins.
Summary:
MBL is the correct choice as it is a well-known acute-phase protein involved in the immune response. Selectins, Lysozyme, and Defensins are not typically classified as acute-phase proteins and are involved in different functions.
Which scientist is credited with introducing the germ theory of disease?
- A. Louis Pasteur
- B. Edward Jenner
- C. Elie Metchnikoff
- D. Paul Ehrlich
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Louis Pasteur is credited with introducing the germ theory of disease. He conducted experiments that demonstrated the role of microorganisms in causing infections. He also developed pasteurization to kill harmful bacteria in food and beverages. Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine, not the germ theory. Elie Metchnikoff studied the immune system and phagocytosis. Paul Ehrlich is known for his work on chemotherapy and the concept of the "magic bullet," targeting specific pathogens.
Which of the following is NOT true? The meeting of naïve T cells and dendritic cells:
- A. Is facilitated by the presence of naïve B cells
- B. Occurs in the paracortex of lymph nodes
- C. Is facilitated by movement of the T cell along connective tissue networks
- D. May supply the T cell with activation Signal 1
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the meeting of naïve T cells and dendritic cells is not facilitated by the presence of naïve B cells. Naïve T cells interact with dendritic cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes, not with naïve B cells. The movement of T cells along connective tissue networks aids in their interaction with dendritic cells, and this interaction may supply the T cell with activation Signal 1, which is essential for T cell activation. Overall, the incorrect choices (B, C, and D) are actually true statements regarding the meeting of naïve T cells and dendritic cells, making them incorrect options.
While caring for an 84-year-old patient, the nurse monitors the patient’s fluid and electrolyte balance, recognizing what as a normal change of aging?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Decreased insensible fluid loss
- D. Increased plasma oncotic pressures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Elderly individuals often experience hyponatremia due to reduced thirst sensation, impaired renal function, and decreased ability to concentrate urine.
Which description about a nurse who develops a contact dermatitis from wearing latex gloves is accurate?
- A. This demonstrates a type I allergic reaction to natural latex proteins.
- B. Use powder-free latex gloves to prevent the development of symptoms.
- C. Use an oil-based hand cream when wearing gloves to prevent latex allergy.
- D. This demonstrates a type IV allergic reaction to chemicals used in the manufacture of latex gloves.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Contact dermatitis from latex gloves is typically a type IV hypersensitivity reaction to chemicals used in glove manufacturing.