Nokea
Recognize the following that would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
- A. Anaphylaxis
- B. Allergic contact dermatitis
- C. Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
- D. Immune complex hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Allergic contact dermatitis. This is classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction because it involves activation of T cells, which takes time to develop. Anaphylaxis (A) is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE. Cytotoxic hypersensitivity (C) involves antibodies attacking cells directly, not delayed. Immune complex hypersensitivity (D) involves immune complexes depositing in tissues, triggering inflammation, not T cell activation.
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B cells receive T cell help for antibody production in which specific lymph node structure
- A. Paracortex
- B. Medulla
- C. Cortex
- D. Follicles
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but there seems to be an error in the question as there is no option E provided. Would you like me to assist you with another question or topic?
One principal function of complement is to
- A. inactivate performs
- B. mediate the release of histamine
- C. Bind antibodies attached to cell surfaces and to lyse these cells
- D. phagocytize antigens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because complement proteins bind antibodies attached to cell surfaces and cause cell lysis, enhancing immune response. Choice A is incorrect as complement does not inactivate performs. Choice B is incorrect as complement does not mediate the release of histamine. Choice D is incorrect as phagocytosis is a function of phagocytes, not complement proteins. Therefore, the correct function of complement is to enhance immune response by binding antibodies and causing cell lysis.
What does the mechanism of chemotaxis accomplish?
- A. Causes the transformation of monocytes into macrophages
- B. Involves a pathway of chemical processes resulting in cellular lysis
- C. Attracts the accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes to an area of injury
- D. Slows the blood flow in a damaged area, allowing migration of leukocytes into tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chemotaxis is the process by which immune cells such as neutrophils and monocytes are attracted to the site of injury or infection through chemical signals. These signals guide the cells to areas where they are needed most.
Agricultural uses of plant hormones include
- A. Control of fruit production, ripening, and dropping
- B. Production of seedless fruits
- C. Use as weed killers
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because plant hormones are used in agriculture to control fruit production, ripening, dropping, and to produce seedless fruits. Choice A is correct as plant hormones regulate these processes. Choice B is also correct as certain plant hormones can induce seedless fruit formation. Choice C is incorrect as plant hormones are not typically used as weed killers in agriculture. Overall, the correct answer, D, encompasses all the agricultural uses of plant hormones listed in the other choices.
What is the function of CD14 with respect to LPS recognition?
- A. It is an accessory protein that allows the transport of newly synthesized TLR-4 onto the cell membrane
- B. It is a cytosolic protein that binds LPS that has been internalized via TLR-4/MD-2
- C. It acts as an adaptor in the TLR-4 signaling pathway
- D. It is expressed on the cell membrane and shuttles LPS to the vicinity of TLR-4/MD-2
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because CD14 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein expressed on the cell membrane that binds to LPS and facilitates its delivery to the TLR-4/MD-2 complex for recognition. CD14 does not transport TLR-4 (Choice A), bind LPS internally (Choice B), or act as an adaptor in the signaling pathway (Choice C). The key role of CD14 is to shuttle LPS to TLR-4/MD-2, initiating the immune response.