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What is a granuloma?
- A. A type of antibody
- B. A collection of macrophages filled with antigens
- C. A cluster of mast cells
- D. An antibody-antigen complex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A collection of macrophages filled with antigens. Granulomas are tissue responses to chronic inflammation, where macrophages form a cluster to engulf and contain foreign substances like antigens. This leads to the formation of a granuloma, which can be seen in conditions like tuberculosis. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system, not structures like granulomas; C) Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions and not typically associated with granulomas; D) An antibody-antigen complex is a different concept related to immune response but not specific to granulomas.
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Which of the following is not a type of anemia?
- A. Iron deficiency anemia
- B. Sickle cell anemia
- C. Aplastic anemia
- D. Diabetes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diabetes. Anemia is a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Diabetes does not directly cause anemia; it is a metabolic disorder affecting blood sugar levels. Iron deficiency anemia (A) is caused by a lack of iron, sickle cell anemia (B) is a genetic disorder affecting red blood cells, and aplastic anemia (C) is a bone marrow disorder. Therefore, the other choices are types of anemia, while diabetes is not.
Which description about a nurse who develops a contact dermatitis from wearing latex gloves is accurate?
- A. This demonstrates a type I allergic reaction to natural latex proteins.
- B. Use powder-free latex gloves to prevent the development of symptoms.
- C. Use an oil-based hand cream when wearing gloves to prevent latex allergy.
- D. This demonstrates a type IV allergic reaction to chemicals used in the manufacture of latex gloves.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Contact dermatitis from latex gloves is typically a type IV hypersensitivity reaction to chemicals used in glove manufacturing.
While caring for an 84-year-old patient, the nurse monitors the patient’s fluid and electrolyte balance, recognizing what as a normal change of aging?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Decreased insensible fluid loss
- D. Increased plasma oncotic pressures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Elderly individuals often experience hyponatremia due to reduced thirst sensation, impaired renal function, and decreased ability to concentrate urine.
Which factor is primarily responsible for the division of bacterial populations into specific zones within sediments?
- A. predation by protozoans
- B. free oxygen availability
- C. competition for suitable electron acceptors
- D. cometabolism of organic compounds
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: free oxygen availability. In sediment environments, free oxygen availability plays a crucial role in determining bacterial population distribution due to oxygen gradients. Bacteria that require oxygen will be found in aerobic zones where oxygen is present, while anaerobic bacteria will thrive in zones with limited or no oxygen. This division is primarily responsible for the spatial organization of bacterial populations within sediments.
Choice A: Predation by protozoans is not primarily responsible for division of bacterial populations within sediments as it focuses on interactions between different organisms rather than the environmental factor of oxygen availability.
Choice C: While competition for suitable electron acceptors is important for microbial communities, it is not the primary factor responsible for the division of bacterial populations within sediments.
Choice D: Cometabolism of organic compounds refers to the metabolism of compounds alongside the primary substrate, and it is not directly related to the spatial distribution of bacterial populations within sediments based on oxygen availability.
Which delivery system would be used to deliver regional chemotherapy for metastasis from a primary colorectal cancer?
- A. Intrathecal
- B. Intraarterial
- C. Intravenous
- D. Intraperitoneal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intraarterial chemotherapy delivers drugs directly to the arterial supply of the tumor, useful for metastatic colorectal cancer.