Nokea
As the nurse manager in a public health department,you are responsible for developing a plan to reduce the incidence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the community. Which nursing action is best delegated to health assistants working for the agency?
- A. Supply injection drug users with bleach solution for cleaning needles and syringes.
- B. Provide pretest and post-test counseling to those patients who are seeking HIV testing.
- C. Educate high-risk community members about the use of condoms in HIV prevention.
- D. Determine which population groups to target for education based on community assessment.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Health assistants can effectively distribute bleach solutions to injection drug users as part of harm reduction strategies. Pretest and post-test counseling education on condom use and community assessment require more advanced training and are typically responsibilities of registered nurses or other healthcare professionals.
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Which of the following statements is NOT true
- A. T cells expressing CD4 exert their function mainly through secretion of cytokines
- B. CD8 T cells interact with MHC class I molecules on antigen presenting cells
- C. CD4 T cells can help B cells because B cells express MHC class II molecules and can present antigen to T cells
- D. CD3 is not necessary for TCR signaling in cytotoxic T cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because CD3 is indeed necessary for TCR signaling in cytotoxic T cells. CD3 is a crucial component of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, which is responsible for initiating intracellular signaling upon recognition of antigen-MHC complexes. Without CD3, TCR signaling cannot occur, leading to impaired T cell activation and cytotoxic function. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they accurately describe the functions and interactions of T cells expressing CD4 and CD8 with antigen presenting cells, as well as the role of CD4 T cells in helping B cells through antigen presentation.
Crohn's disease is
- A. A chronic inflammatory disease caused by defective NFκB signaling
- B. Associated with mutations of NLRP3
- C. Associated with defective production of ROS
- D. A chronic inflammatory disease associated with overgrowth of gut commensal flora
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer D is correct:
1. Crohn's disease is characterized by chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
2. It is associated with dysregulation of the immune response to gut flora.
3. Overgrowth of gut commensal flora can trigger and exacerbate inflammation in Crohn's disease.
4. Choices A, B, and C do not directly relate to the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease, making them incorrect.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of T cells?
- A. They recognize three-dimensional structures of a pathogen
- B. Their receptors possess specificity
- C. Their receptors have one antigen-binding site
- D. Their antigen receptors are never secreted
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because T cells do not recognize three-dimensional structures of a pathogen. T cell receptors interact with processed antigen fragments presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Choice B is correct because T cell receptors possess specificity for antigens. Choice C is incorrect because T cell receptors have multiple antigen-binding sites. Choice D is incorrect as T cell receptors can be secreted as soluble forms.
Which cells are involved in innate immunity?
- A. B lymphocytes
- B. T lymphocytes
- C. Natural killer cells
- D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Natural killer cells. Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system and play a crucial role in identifying and destroying infected or abnormal cells. They are able to recognize and target cells that lack specific markers, providing a rapid response to infections.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: B lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune system, not innate immunity.
B: T lymphocytes are also part of the adaptive immune system, not involved in innate immunity.
D: Plasma cells are differentiated B cells that produce antibodies in the adaptive immune response, not part of innate immunity.
What is the function of CD14 with respect to LPS recognition?
- A. It is an accessory protein that allows the transport of newly synthesized TLR-4 onto the cell membrane
- B. It is a cytosolic protein that binds LPS that has been internalized via TLR-4/MD-2
- C. It acts as an adaptor in the TLR-4 signaling pathway
- D. It is expressed on the cell membrane and shuttles LPS to the vicinity of TLR-4/MD-2
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because CD14 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein expressed on the cell membrane that binds to LPS and facilitates its delivery to the TLR-4/MD-2 complex for recognition. CD14 does not transport TLR-4 (Choice A), bind LPS internally (Choice B), or act as an adaptor in the signaling pathway (Choice C). The key role of CD14 is to shuttle LPS to TLR-4/MD-2, initiating the immune response.