Nokea
When assessing a patient for anaphylaxis, be alert for:
- A. Chest pain and indigestion.
- B. Hives and dyspnea.
- C. Hypertension and blurred vision.
- D. Headache and photophobia.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Anaphylaxis typically presents with symptoms such as hives (skin reaction) and dyspnea (difficulty breathing), which are indicative of an allergic response affecting the airways and skin. Hypertension and blurred vision are not typical signs of anaphylaxis.
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The patient is admitted from home with a stage II pressure ulcer. This wound is classified as a yellow wound using the red-yellow-black concept of wound care. What is the nurse likely to observe when she does her wound assessment?
- A. Serosanguineous drainage
- B. Adherent gray necrotic tissue
- C. Clean, moist granulating tissue
- D. Creamy ivory to yellow-green exudate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Yellow wounds typically exhibit adherent gray necrotic tissue, indicating partial-thickness tissue loss without slough or eschar.
What is the main difference between the clonal selection theory proposed by MacFarlane Burnet and the selection theory proposed by Paul Ehrlich?
- A. Ehrlich proposed that structure complementarity between antigens and receptors is crucial for a specific response whereas Burnet overlooked the issue of specificity
- B. Ehrlich proposed that each cell able to produce antibodies would express several receptors, each specific for different antigens whereas Burnet proposed that each single antibody-producing cell expresses only one type of receptors
- C. Ehrlich thought that antibodies released from a cell were different from the receptors expressed on the same cell. Burnet thought that soluble antibodies and receptors produced by a single cell were identical
- D. Ehrlich's theory lacks the concept of release of a soluble form of the antigen receptor, an idea elaborated for the first time by Burnet.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Ehrlich proposed that each cell producing antibodies would express several receptors, each specific for different antigens, whereas Burnet proposed that each single antibody-producing cell expresses only one type of receptor. This is the main difference between the two theories. Ehrlich's concept of multiple receptors per cell allows for a broader range of specificity and diversity in the immune response. The other choices are incorrect because they do not directly address the main difference between the two theories as outlined above. Choice A is incorrect because both Ehrlich and Burnet emphasized the importance of specificity, but they differed in their views on receptor diversity per cell. Choice C is incorrect because it focuses on the identity of soluble antibodies and receptors, which is not the main differentiator between the two theories. Choice D is incorrect as it mentions the release of soluble antigen receptors, which is not the main point of differentiation between Ehrlich and Burnet's theories.
A client is in the hospital and has received two doses of an angiotensin-converting enzyme for hypertension. When the nurse answers the client's call light, the client presents an appearance as shown below: What action by the nurse takes is most appropriate?
- A. Administer epinephrine 1:1000, 0.3 mg IV push immediately.
- B. Apply oxygen by facemask at 100% and a pulse oximeter.
- C. Ensure a patent airway while calling the Rapid Response Team.
- D. Reassure the client that these symptoms will go away.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct action by the nurse is to ensure a patent airway while calling the Rapid Response Team (Choice C). This is because the client is showing signs of angioedema, a potential adverse reaction to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Angioedema can lead to airway compromise and respiratory distress, hence ensuring a patent airway is crucial. Additionally, calling the Rapid Response Team will allow for immediate medical intervention and monitoring of the client's condition.
Choice A (Administer epinephrine) is incorrect as epinephrine is not the first-line treatment for angioedema associated with ACE inhibitors. Choice B (Apply oxygen) is not sufficient to address the potential airway compromise. Choice D (Reassure the client) is inappropriate as the client's condition requires immediate action to address the potential airway obstruction.
Phagocytes were discovered by:
- A. Ilya Metchnikoff
- B. Louis Pasteur
- C. Emil von Behring
- D. Robert Koch
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ilya Metchnikoff. He discovered phagocytes through his research on immune responses in starfish larvae. Metchnikoff observed cells engulfing foreign particles, leading to the discovery of phagocytosis. Louis Pasteur is famous for his work in microbiology and vaccination. Emil von Behring discovered antitoxins. Robert Koch is known for his work in bacteriology and identifying the causative agents of diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is A as Metchnikoff specifically discovered phagocytes.
Which molecule is essential for antigen presentation to T cells?
- A. Antibody
- B. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- C. Complement protein C3
- D. Cytokines
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). MHC molecules present antigens to T cells for immune response activation. They bind to antigenic peptides and present them on the cell surface for recognition by T cells. This is crucial for the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self antigens. Antibodies (A) are produced by B cells and do not directly present antigens to T cells. Complement protein C3 (C) is involved in the complement system for immune defense, not antigen presentation. Cytokines (D) are signaling molecules that regulate immune responses but do not directly present antigens to T cells.