Nokea
Which of the statements below is NOT true. Integration is a stage of HIV life cycle that
- A. Utilizes a host enzyme called integrase
- B. Is a target of some anti-HIV drugs
- C. Allows duplication of proviral DNA when the infected cell divides
- D. Requires the formation of double stranded DNA
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Integration is a stage of HIV life cycle that involves the insertion of viral DNA into the host cell's genome, facilitated by the enzyme integrase. To explain why A is incorrect, integrase is a viral enzyme, not a host enzyme.
B is correct as some anti-HIV drugs target the integration stage to prevent viral replication.
C is correct as integrated proviral DNA allows for duplication during cell division.
D is correct as integration requires the formation of double-stranded viral DNA.
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Which of the following statements is most correct regarding Leishmania?
- A. Leishmaniasis is caused by an extracellular bacterium
- B. Leishmaniasis is associated with severe immunodeficiency
- C. An infected individual is less likely to suffer severe leishmaniasis if they make a TH2 rather than TH1 response to the pathogen
- D. Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because visceral leishmaniasis is indeed the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs and can be fatal if left untreated.
A is incorrect because Leishmania is a protozoan parasite, not a bacterium. B is incorrect because leishmaniasis can affect individuals with normal immune systems, not just those with severe immunodeficiency. C is incorrect because a TH1 response is actually protective against severe leishmaniasis, not a TH2 response.
A patient identified as HIV antibody–positive 1 year ago manifests acute HIV infection but does not want to start antiretroviral therapy at this time. What is an appropriate nursing intervention for the patient at this stage of illness?
- A. Assist with end-of-life issues
- B. Provide care during acute exacerbations
- C. Provide physical care for chronic diseases
- D. Teach the patient about immune enhancement
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Immune enhancement strategies, such as nutrition and stress reduction, can help maintain health until the patient decides to initiate ART.
Which word identifies a mutation of protooncogenes?
- A. Oncogenes
- B. Retrogenes
- C. Oncofetal antigens
- D. Tumor angiogenesis factor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Protooncogenes, when mutated, become oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell growth.
The lectin and the classical pathway are similar because:
- A. The same component initiates the complement cascade
- B. The same enzyme cleaves C4 and C2
- C. They lead to the formation of the same C3 convertase
- D. They both involve recognition of an antigen/antibody complex as a trigger for complement activation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The lectin and classical pathways both lead to the formation of the same C3 convertase (C4b2a). This is because in the lectin pathway, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binds to specific sugar residues on pathogens, activating MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) that cleave C4 and C2 to form the C3 convertase. Similarly, in the classical pathway, C1 complex binds to antigen-antibody complexes, activating C1s to cleave C4 and C2 to form the C3 convertase. This convergent step in both pathways results in the cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b, leading to downstream complement activation. The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the key similarity between the lectin and classical pathways in terms of the formation of the C3 convertase.
How does the secondary (memory) immune response differ from the primary immune response?
- A. It is mediated by the adaptive immune system rather than the innate immune system
- B. It is less antigen-specific
- C. It is slower and weaker
- D. It is faster and stronger
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the secondary immune response is faster and stronger compared to the primary response. This is due to the presence of memory B and T cells from the primary response that can quickly recognize and respond to the antigen upon re-exposure. These memory cells allow for a more rapid and robust immune response, leading to quicker elimination of the pathogen. Choices A and B are incorrect because both primary and secondary responses involve the adaptive immune system and are antigen-specific. Choice C is incorrect as the secondary response is faster and more potent than the primary response.