Nokea
While caring for an 84-year-old patient, the nurse monitors the patient’s fluid and electrolyte balance, recognizing what as a normal change of aging?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Decreased insensible fluid loss
- D. Increased plasma oncotic pressures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Elderly individuals often experience hyponatremia due to reduced thirst sensation, impaired renal function, and decreased ability to concentrate urine.
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Which of the following is not a type of anemia?
- A. Iron deficiency anemia
- B. Sickle cell anemia
- C. Aplastic anemia
- D. Diabetes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diabetes. Anemia is a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Diabetes does not directly cause anemia; it is a metabolic disorder affecting blood sugar levels. Iron deficiency anemia (A) is caused by a lack of iron, sickle cell anemia (B) is a genetic disorder affecting red blood cells, and aplastic anemia (C) is a bone marrow disorder. Therefore, the other choices are types of anemia, while diabetes is not.
The immunoglobulin Joining chain (J-chain) is
- A. only produced by T-Cells
- B. only produced by neutrophils
- C. associated with only multimeric forms of IgM and IgA
- D. associated with IgE for histamine release
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The J-chain is a polypeptide involved in the formation of polymeric IgM and IgA.
2. Polymeric forms of IgM and IgA contain the J-chain, aiding in their multimeric structure.
3. The J-chain is not exclusive to T-cells or neutrophils, making choices A and B incorrect.
4. IgE is associated with FcεRI receptors for histamine release, so choice D is incorrect.
Summary:
The correct answer is C because the J-chain is specifically associated with the multimeric forms of IgM and IgA, helping to form their structure. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as the J-chain is not solely produced by T-cells, neutrophils, or associated with IgE for histamine release.
Which antibody dominates the primary immune response?
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgM
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IgM. During the primary immune response, IgM is the first antibody produced by the immune system in response to an antigen. IgM is efficient in agglutination and complement fixation, aiding in the elimination of pathogens. IgG is more prominent in the secondary immune response. IgA is mainly found in mucosal areas. IgE is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not the primary immune response. So, IgM dominates the primary immune response by being the initial antibody produced to combat antigens.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. Innate immunity suppresses adaptive immunity
- B. Adaptive immunity enhances innate immune functions
- C. Innate immunity activates and stimulates adaptive immunity
- D. They function entirely independently of each other
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because innate immunity plays a crucial role in initiating and influencing adaptive immunity. Innate immunity activates and stimulates adaptive immune responses by recognizing pathogens and initiating the adaptive immune system to produce specific responses. This relationship is essential for the body's overall immune defense.
Choice A is incorrect because innate immunity does not suppress adaptive immunity; instead, they work together synergistically. Choice B is incorrect because adaptive immunity does not enhance innate immune functions, but rather complements them. Choice D is incorrect because innate and adaptive immunity are interconnected and work together to provide comprehensive immune protection.
Which factor is primarily responsible for the division of bacterial populations into specific zones within sediments?
- A. predation by protozoans
- B. free oxygen availability
- C. competition for suitable electron acceptors
- D. cometabolism of organic compounds
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: free oxygen availability. In sediment environments, free oxygen availability plays a crucial role in determining bacterial population distribution due to oxygen gradients. Bacteria that require oxygen will be found in aerobic zones where oxygen is present, while anaerobic bacteria will thrive in zones with limited or no oxygen. This division is primarily responsible for the spatial organization of bacterial populations within sediments.
Choice A: Predation by protozoans is not primarily responsible for division of bacterial populations within sediments as it focuses on interactions between different organisms rather than the environmental factor of oxygen availability.
Choice C: While competition for suitable electron acceptors is important for microbial communities, it is not the primary factor responsible for the division of bacterial populations within sediments.
Choice D: Cometabolism of organic compounds refers to the metabolism of compounds alongside the primary substrate, and it is not directly related to the spatial distribution of bacterial populations within sediments based on oxygen availability.