Nokea
Crohn's disease is
- A. A chronic inflammatory disease caused by defective NFκB signaling
- B. Associated with mutations of NLRP3
- C. Associated with defective production of ROS
- D. A chronic inflammatory disease associated with overgrowth of gut commensal flora
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer D is correct:
1. Crohn's disease is characterized by chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
2. It is associated with dysregulation of the immune response to gut flora.
3. Overgrowth of gut commensal flora can trigger and exacerbate inflammation in Crohn's disease.
4. Choices A, B, and C do not directly relate to the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease, making them incorrect.
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You obtain these assessment data while completing an admission for a patient with a history of a liver transplant who is receiving cyclosporine (Sandimmune),prednisone (Deltasone) and mycophenolate (CellCept) to suppress immune function. Which one will be of most concern?
- A. The patient’s gums appear very pink and swollen.
- B. The patient’s blood glucose is increased to 162 mg/dL.
- C. The patient has a non-tender swelling above the clavicle.
- D. The patient has 1+ pitting edema in the feet and ankles.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A non-tender swelling above the clavicle could indicate lymphadenopathy which may be a sign of infection or malignancy. This is particularly concerning in an immunocompromised patient. The other findings while important are less urgent and can be managed with standard nursing interventions.
What is the main difference between the clonal selection theory proposed by MacFarlane Burnet and the selection theory proposed by Paul Ehrlich?
- A. Ehrlich proposed that structure complementarity between antigens and receptors is crucial for a specific response whereas Burnet overlooked the issue of specificity
- B. Ehrlich proposed that each cell able to produce antibodies would express several receptors, each specific for different antigens whereas Burnet proposed that each single antibody-producing cell expresses only one type of receptors
- C. Ehrlich thought that antibodies released from a cell were different from the receptors expressed on the same cell. Burnet thought that soluble antibodies and receptors produced by a single cell were identical
- D. Ehrlich's theory lacks the concept of release of a soluble form of the antigen receptor, an idea elaborated for the first time by Burnet.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Ehrlich proposed that each cell producing antibodies would express several receptors, each specific for different antigens, whereas Burnet proposed that each single antibody-producing cell expresses only one type of receptor. This is the main difference between the two theories. Ehrlich's concept of multiple receptors per cell allows for a broader range of specificity and diversity in the immune response. The other choices are incorrect because they do not directly address the main difference between the two theories as outlined above. Choice A is incorrect because both Ehrlich and Burnet emphasized the importance of specificity, but they differed in their views on receptor diversity per cell. Choice C is incorrect because it focuses on the identity of soluble antibodies and receptors, which is not the main differentiator between the two theories. Choice D is incorrect as it mentions the release of soluble antigen receptors, which is not the main point of differentiation between Ehrlich and Burnet's theories.
To what is the increase in emerging and untreatable infections attributed (select all that apply)?
- A. The evolution of new infectious agents
- B. Use of antibiotics to treat viral infections
- C. Human population encroachment into wilderness areas
- D. Transmission of infectious agents from humans to animals
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer includes options A, B, C, and E. The evolution of new infectious agents, inappropriate use of antibiotics, human encroachment into wilderness areas, and an increased number of immunosuppressed individuals contribute significantly to the rise in untreatable infections. Transmission from humans to animals is less relevant compared to zoonotic transmission from animals to humans.
The type of immunological protection provided by plasma therapy is
- A. Natural active
- B. Natural passive
- C. Artificial active
- D. Artificial passive
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Artificial passive. Plasma therapy involves administering preformed antibodies to provide immediate protection against a specific pathogen. This is considered artificial passive immunity because the antibodies are obtained from an external source rather than being produced by the individual's immune system.
Explanation:
1. Natural active immunity (Choice A) is when the body produces its antibodies after exposure to a pathogen, which is not the case in plasma therapy.
2. Natural passive immunity (Choice B) is when antibodies are passed from mother to fetus or through breast milk, not obtained through plasma therapy.
3. Artificial active immunity (Choice C) involves vaccination to stimulate the body's immune response, which is different from plasma therapy.
In summary, the correct answer is D (Artificial passive) because plasma therapy provides immediate immunity through externally sourced antibodies, distinguishing it from the other types of immunological protection.
The patient is admitted from home with a stage II pressure ulcer. This wound is classified as a yellow wound using the red-yellow-black concept of wound care. What is the nurse likely to observe when she does her wound assessment?
- A. Serosanguineous drainage
- B. Adherent gray necrotic tissue
- C. Clean, moist granulating tissue
- D. Creamy ivory to yellow-green exudate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Yellow wounds typically exhibit adherent gray necrotic tissue, indicating partial-thickness tissue loss without slough or eschar.