Nokea
What are the characteristics of the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system (select all that apply)?
- A. CO2 is eliminated by the lung
- B. Neutralizes HCl acid to yield carbonic acid and salt
- C. H2CO3 formed by neutralization dissociates into H2O and CO2
- D. Shifts H+ in and out of cell in exchange for other cations such as potassium and sodium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This buffer system eliminates CO2 via lungs, neutralizes acids/bases, shifts hydrogen ions across membranes, and maintains pH balance.
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The patient is admitted from home with a stage II pressure ulcer. This wound is classified as a yellow wound using the red-yellow-black concept of wound care. What is the nurse likely to observe when she does her wound assessment?
- A. Serosanguineous drainage
- B. Adherent gray necrotic tissue
- C. Clean, moist granulating tissue
- D. Creamy ivory to yellow-green exudate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Yellow wounds typically exhibit adherent gray necrotic tissue, indicating partial-thickness tissue loss without slough or eschar.
A client is in the hospital and has received two doses of an angiotensin-converting enzyme for hypertension. When the nurse answers the client's call light, the client presents an appearance as shown below: What action by the nurse takes is most appropriate?
- A. Administer epinephrine 1:1000, 0.3 mg IV push immediately.
- B. Apply oxygen by facemask at 100% and a pulse oximeter.
- C. Ensure a patent airway while calling the Rapid Response Team.
- D. Reassure the client that these symptoms will go away.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct action by the nurse is to ensure a patent airway while calling the Rapid Response Team (Choice C). This is because the client is showing signs of angioedema, a potential adverse reaction to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Angioedema can lead to airway compromise and respiratory distress, hence ensuring a patent airway is crucial. Additionally, calling the Rapid Response Team will allow for immediate medical intervention and monitoring of the client's condition.
Choice A (Administer epinephrine) is incorrect as epinephrine is not the first-line treatment for angioedema associated with ACE inhibitors. Choice B (Apply oxygen) is not sufficient to address the potential airway compromise. Choice D (Reassure the client) is inappropriate as the client's condition requires immediate action to address the potential airway obstruction.
The type of immunological protection provided by plasma therapy is
- A. Natural active
- B. Natural passive
- C. Artificial active
- D. Artificial passive
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Artificial passive. Plasma therapy involves administering preformed antibodies to provide immediate protection against a specific pathogen. This is considered artificial passive immunity because the antibodies are obtained from an external source rather than being produced by the individual's immune system.
Explanation:
1. Natural active immunity (Choice A) is when the body produces its antibodies after exposure to a pathogen, which is not the case in plasma therapy.
2. Natural passive immunity (Choice B) is when antibodies are passed from mother to fetus or through breast milk, not obtained through plasma therapy.
3. Artificial active immunity (Choice C) involves vaccination to stimulate the body's immune response, which is different from plasma therapy.
In summary, the correct answer is D (Artificial passive) because plasma therapy provides immediate immunity through externally sourced antibodies, distinguishing it from the other types of immunological protection.
The rearrangement of B cell antigen receptor genes occurs in
- A. Germinal centres
- B. Cortical areas of lymph nodes
- C. Bone marrow
- D. All secondary lymphoid organs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The rearrangement of B cell antigen receptor genes occurs in the bone marrow. This process involves the assembly of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments to generate a diverse repertoire of B cell receptors. The bone marrow provides the necessary environment for this gene rearrangement to take place, ensuring the development of functional B cells. Germinal centers and cortical areas of lymph nodes are involved in B cell activation and differentiation, not gene rearrangement. While secondary lymphoid organs support B cell activation and immune responses, they are not specifically where the gene rearrangement occurs.
Agricultural uses of plant hormones include
- A. Control of fruit production, ripening, and dropping
- B. Production of seedless fruits
- C. Use as weed killers
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because plant hormones are used in agriculture to control fruit production, ripening, dropping, and to produce seedless fruits. Choice A is correct as plant hormones regulate these processes. Choice B is also correct as certain plant hormones can induce seedless fruit formation. Choice C is incorrect as plant hormones are not typically used as weed killers in agriculture. Overall, the correct answer, D, encompasses all the agricultural uses of plant hormones listed in the other choices.