Nokea
During the gastric phase of digestion
- A. There is neural stimulation only
- B. There is decreased contractility
- C. The bolus composition is detected by chemoreceptors
- D. It only takes minutes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Gastric phase starts when food enters the stomach.
2. Chemoreceptors detect bolus composition to initiate gastric secretions.
3. This detection triggers release of gastric juices for digestion.
4. Neural stimulation also occurs during gastric phase, but not exclusively.
5. Contractility increases during gastric phase for mixing and churning.
In summary, choice C is correct as chemoreceptors detect bolus composition during the gastric phase, while the other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the physiological processes during this phase.
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The patient asks why the serologic test of HBV DNA quantitation is being done. What is the best rationale for the nurse to explain the test to the patient?
- A. Indicates ongoing infection with HBV
- B. Indicates co-infection with HBV and HDV
- C. Indicates previous infection or immunization to HBV
- D. Indicates viral replication and effectiveness of therapy for chronic HBV
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because HBV DNA quantitation measures the amount of HBV genetic material in the blood, reflecting viral replication. This helps monitor the effectiveness of therapy in chronic HBV patients. Choice A is incorrect as the test does not specifically indicate ongoing infection. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to co-infection with HDV, which is not the purpose of HBV DNA quantitation. Choice C is incorrect as the test does not differentiate between previous infection and ongoing viral replication, which is crucial in managing chronic HBV.
CCK:
- A. increases gastric secretion.
- B. inhibits the stomach motility.
- C. inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion.
- D. increases pancreatic secretions rich in bicarbonate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: CCK (Cholecystokinin) is released in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine.
Step 2: CCK inhibits stomach motility to allow enough time for the gallbladder to release bile.
Step 3: This slowing down of stomach motility aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.
Step 4: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as CCK does not directly affect gastric secretion, pancreatic enzyme secretion, or increase pancreatic secretions rich in bicarbonate.
Which of the following is not readily absorbed in the small intestine?
- A. Na+
- B. Cl-
- C. K+
- D. Mg++
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Mg++. Magnesium is not readily absorbed in the small intestine due to its reliance on active transport mechanisms and limited absorption sites. Na+, Cl-, and K+ are all readily absorbed in the small intestine through passive or active transport processes. Na+ is mainly absorbed through active transport, Cl- through passive diffusion, and K+ through both passive and active transport mechanisms. Therefore, Mg++ stands out as it requires specific carriers for absorption, making it less readily absorbed compared to the other ions.
A tumor producing large amounts of gastrin DOES NOT include:
- A. Hyperplasia of gastric epithelium
- B. Hyperplasia of gastric mucosal lymphocytes
- C. Excessive gastric acid secretion
- D. Histamine secretion in the gastric mucosa
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyperplasia of gastric mucosal lymphocytes. In a tumor producing large amounts of gastrin, hyperplasia of gastric epithelium (choice A) is expected due to increased gastrin stimulation. Excessive gastric acid secretion (choice C) is also expected as gastrin stimulates acid production. Histamine secretion in the gastric mucosa (choice D) can occur as histamine is released in response to gastrin. However, hyperplasia of gastric mucosal lymphocytes (choice B) is not a direct consequence of increased gastrin levels. Lymphocyte hyperplasia is more commonly associated with chronic inflammation or infection rather than gastrin overproduction.
If you suck on a plain piece of bread, it will begin to taste sweet after a few moments. Saliva contains the digestive enzyme ______ which breaks down starch into ______.
- A. amylase; glucose
- B. pepsin; maltose
- C. amylase, maltose
- D. maltase, glucose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: amylase, maltose. Amylase is the digestive enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch into maltose. When you suck on bread, the amylase in saliva starts breaking down the starch molecules into maltose, which is a sugar that tastes sweet. Option A is incorrect because amylase breaks down starch into maltose, not glucose. Option B is incorrect because pepsin is a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins, not starch. Option D is incorrect because maltase is an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down maltose into glucose, not the enzyme present in saliva.