Nokea
Stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system will cause the ______ anal sphincter to ______.
- A. external; relax
- B. external; contract
- C. internal; contract
- D. internal; relax
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for promoting rest and digest functions. The internal anal sphincter is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, specifically the parasympathetic division. When stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system, the internal anal sphincter will relax, allowing for defecation to occur.
A: The external anal sphincter is under voluntary control, not affected by the parasympathetic nervous system.
B: The external anal sphincter contracts voluntarily, not influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system.
C: The internal anal sphincter contracts under sympathetic stimulation, not parasympathetic.
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Which of these ingredients in saliva is responsible for activating salivary amylase?
- A. mucus
- B. phosphate ions
- C. chloride ions
- D. urea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: phosphate ions. Phosphate ions present in saliva help activate salivary amylase by providing the necessary environment for the enzyme to function optimally. Salivary amylase works best at a slightly alkaline pH, which is facilitated by the presence of phosphate ions. Mucus (choice A) primarily helps with lubrication and binding of food particles but does not activate enzymes. Chloride ions (choice C) are not directly involved in activating salivary amylase. Urea (choice D) is a waste product and not related to enzyme activation in saliva. In summary, the correct answer is B because phosphate ions create the optimal pH environment for salivary amylase activity, while the other choices are not directly involved in enzyme activation.
Which information will the nurse include when teaching a patient with peptic ulcer disease about the effect of ranitidine (Zantac)?
- A. Ranitidine absorbs the excess gastric acid.
- B. Ranitidine decreases gastric acid secretion.
- C. Ranitidine constricts the blood vessels near the ulcer.
- D. Ranitidine covers the ulcer with a protective material.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist that works by blocking the action of histamine on the stomach cells, thereby reducing gastric acid secretion. This helps in healing and preventing further damage to the ulcer. Option A is incorrect as ranitidine doesn't absorb excess gastric acid; it reduces its production. Option C is incorrect as ranitidine doesn't constrict blood vessels. Option D is incorrect as ranitidine doesn't cover the ulcer but rather decreases acid secretion to promote healing.
A nurse is doing discharge teaching on a client with a colostomy. What would the nurse convey to the client regarding when is the best time to perform irrigation?
- A. After a meal.
- B. After a bowel movement.
- C. During a meal.
- D. Two hours before a meal.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Two hours before a meal. This timing allows for the colon to be relatively empty, making irrigation more effective. Irrigating two hours before a meal helps to prevent interference with digestion and absorption processes. Irrigating after a meal (choice A) or during a meal (choice C) may lead to discomfort, bloating, or potential leakage. Irrigating after a bowel movement (choice B) may not provide enough time for the colon to be adequately empty for effective irrigation.
The patient with a new ileostomy needs discharge teaching. What should the nurse plan to include in this teaching?
- A. The pouch can be worn for up to 2 weeks before changing it.
- B. Decrease the amount of fluid intake to decrease the amount of drainage.
- C. The pouch can be removed when bowel movements have been regulated.
- D. If leakage occurs, promptly remove the pouch, clean the skin, and apply a new pouch.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in the event of leakage from the pouch, it is important to promptly remove it, clean the skin, and apply a new pouch to prevent skin irritation and infection. This step is crucial for maintaining skin integrity and preventing complications.
Choice A is incorrect as ileostomy pouches typically need to be changed more frequently, usually every 3-7 days, to prevent skin breakdown and odor.
Choice B is incorrect because decreasing fluid intake can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which are especially risky for ileostomy patients who have increased fluid losses.
Choice C is incorrect because the pouch should not be removed until the stoma and bowel movements have been evaluated and regulated to ensure proper functioning.
What contributes to increased protein-calorie needs?
- A. Surgery
- B. Vegan diet
- C. Lowered temperature
- D. Cultural or religious beliefs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Surgery. Surgery increases protein-calorie needs due to the body's increased demand for nutrients to support healing and recovery. The body requires more protein and calories to repair tissues and maintain immune function post-surgery.
Choice B: A vegan diet does not necessarily contribute to increased protein-calorie needs as it is possible to meet nutritional requirements with proper planning.
Choice C: Lowered temperature does not directly affect protein-calorie needs.
Choice D: Cultural or religious beliefs do not inherently increase protein-calorie needs, as dietary choices can still meet nutritional requirements.