Nokea
Which of the following is not readily absorbed in the small intestine?
- A. Na+
- B. Cl-
- C. K+
- D. Mg++
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Mg++. Magnesium is not readily absorbed in the small intestine due to its reliance on active transport mechanisms and limited absorption sites. Na+, Cl-, and K+ are all readily absorbed in the small intestine through passive or active transport processes. Na+ is mainly absorbed through active transport, Cl- through passive diffusion, and K+ through both passive and active transport mechanisms. Therefore, Mg++ stands out as it requires specific carriers for absorption, making it less readily absorbed compared to the other ions.
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The painful or burning sensation in the chest usually associated with acid reflux in the esophagus is called
- A. a peptic ulcer.
- B. heart burn.
- C. angina.
- D. a duodenal ulcer.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: heartburn. This is because heartburn is the common term for the painful or burning sensation in the chest caused by acid reflux in the esophagus. A peptic ulcer (A) and a duodenal ulcer (D) are sores in the stomach or small intestine, not specific to the chest area. Angina (C) is chest pain related to heart issues, not specifically caused by acid reflux. Therefore, B is the correct answer.
The patient with a new ileostomy needs discharge teaching. What should the nurse plan to include in this teaching?
- A. The pouch can be worn for up to 2 weeks before changing it.
- B. Decrease the amount of fluid intake to decrease the amount of drainage.
- C. The pouch can be removed when bowel movements have been regulated.
- D. If leakage occurs, promptly remove the pouch, clean the skin, and apply a new pouch.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in the event of leakage from the pouch, it is important to promptly remove it, clean the skin, and apply a new pouch to prevent skin irritation and infection. This step is crucial for maintaining skin integrity and preventing complications.
Choice A is incorrect as ileostomy pouches typically need to be changed more frequently, usually every 3-7 days, to prevent skin breakdown and odor.
Choice B is incorrect because decreasing fluid intake can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which are especially risky for ileostomy patients who have increased fluid losses.
Choice C is incorrect because the pouch should not be removed until the stoma and bowel movements have been evaluated and regulated to ensure proper functioning.
If you suck on a plain piece of bread, it will begin to taste sweet after a few moments. Saliva contains the digestive enzyme ______ which breaks down starch into ______.
- A. amylase; glucose
- B. pepsin; maltose
- C. amylase, maltose
- D. maltase, glucose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: amylase, maltose. Amylase is the digestive enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch into maltose. When you suck on bread, the amylase in saliva starts breaking down the starch molecules into maltose, which is a sugar that tastes sweet. Option A is incorrect because amylase breaks down starch into maltose, not glucose. Option B is incorrect because pepsin is a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins, not starch. Option D is incorrect because maltase is an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down maltose into glucose, not the enzyme present in saliva.
Which of the following is true:
- A. Myenteric plexus controls GIT secretion.
- B. The normal concentration of bilirubin in the plasma is about 0.8 gm%.
- C. Submucosal plexus controls GIT motility.
- D. Pepsinogen activation needs Ca.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the normal concentration of bilirubin in the plasma is about 0.8 gm%, which is a commonly accepted fact in medicine. Bilirubin is a product of hemoglobin breakdown and is typically measured in the blood to assess liver function and detect certain medical conditions.
A, C, and D are incorrect:
A: Myenteric plexus controls GIT motility, not secretion.
C: Submucosal plexus controls GIT secretion, not motility.
D: Pepsinogen activation needs hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, not calcium.
Which of the following would likely promote the development of obesity?
- A. a greater proportion of bacteriabetes relative to firmicutes gut microflora
- B. a smaller than normal dopamine response to eating high fat and sugar foods
- C. a smaller than normal increase in ghrelin concentrations prior to eating
- D. a greater than normal increase in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because an increase in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein can lead to increased appetite, reduced energy expenditure, and ultimately promote the development of obesity. Neuropeptide Y stimulates food intake, while agouti-related protein inhibits the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure.
A is incorrect because a greater proportion of bacteriabetes relative to firmicutes gut microflora is not directly linked to the development of obesity. B is incorrect because a smaller dopamine response to high fat and sugar foods would likely lead to reduced intake, not obesity. C is incorrect because a smaller increase in ghrelin concentrations would lead to decreased appetite, which is not conducive to obesity development.