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The nurse is caring for a patient who complains, "I don't see why I can't have a CT scan instead of the expensive MRI!" Which response is most appropriate for the nurse to make?
- A. "The MRI provides better contrast between normal and pathologic tissue."
- B. "The MRI requires less analysis and is easier to read."
- C. "The MRI produces a digital image that can be transmitted via email."
- D. "The MRI exposes the patient to less radiation."
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because MRI provides better contrast between normal and pathologic tissue compared to CT scans. This allows for more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Choice B is incorrect because MRI images are typically more complex and require specialized analysis. Choice C is incorrect because both CT and MRI images can be transmitted digitally. Choice D is incorrect because CT scans actually expose patients to less radiation compared to MRI.
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GIT hormones with a major effect on the stomach include the following except:
- A. Gastrin
- B. Secretin
- C. GIP
- D. Neurotensin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Secretin is the correct answer because it is not a hormone that directly affects the stomach. Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion, GIP enhances insulin release, and neurotensin regulates gastric motility. Secretin primarily targets the pancreas and liver, stimulating the release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. This hormone does not have a direct major effect on the stomach like the other options. Therefore, Secretin is the exception among the listed GIT hormones affecting the stomach.
Secretin and cholecystokinin are secreted in
- A. pyloric region
- B. Ileum
- C. duodenum
- D. Oesophagus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, duodenum. Secretin and cholecystokinin are hormones secreted by the duodenal mucosa in response to the presence of acidic chyme from the stomach entering the duodenum. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, while cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release bile to aid in digestion. Choices A (pyloric region), B (Ileum), and D (Oesophagus) are incorrect because secretin and cholecystokinin are not secreted in these regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Which of the following is true:
- A. Myenteric plexus controls GIT secretion.
- B. The normal concentration of bilirubin in the plasma is about 0.8 gm%.
- C. Submucosal plexus controls GIT motility.
- D. Pepsinogen activation needs Ca.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the normal concentration of bilirubin in the plasma is about 0.8 gm%, which is a commonly accepted fact in medicine. Bilirubin is a product of hemoglobin breakdown and is typically measured in the blood to assess liver function and detect certain medical conditions.
A, C, and D are incorrect:
A: Myenteric plexus controls GIT motility, not secretion.
C: Submucosal plexus controls GIT secretion, not motility.
D: Pepsinogen activation needs hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, not calcium.
A nurse is admitting a client who was prescribed antibiotic therapy and now has a Clostridium difficile infection. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Disinfect equipment in the client's room daily.
- B. Place the client in a protective environment.
- C. Use alcohol hand sanitizer after completing tasks for the client.
- D. Have the client wear a mask when out of the room.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Disinfect equipment in the client's room daily. This is important for preventing the spread of Clostridium difficile, a highly contagious bacterium causing severe diarrhea. Disinfecting equipment helps eliminate the bacteria from the environment, reducing the risk of transmission to other individuals.
Summary of other choices:
B: Placing the client in a protective environment is unnecessary and not recommended for Clostridium difficile infection.
C: While using alcohol hand sanitizer is important for hand hygiene, disinfecting equipment is more crucial in this case.
D: Having the client wear a mask is not necessary for preventing the transmission of Clostridium difficile.
If you suck on a plain piece of bread, it will begin to taste sweet after a few moments. Saliva contains the digestive enzyme ______ which breaks down starch into ______.
- A. amylase; glucose
- B. pepsin; maltose
- C. amylase, maltose
- D. maltase, glucose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: amylase, maltose. Amylase is the digestive enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch into maltose. When you suck on bread, the amylase in saliva starts breaking down the starch molecules into maltose, which is a sugar that tastes sweet. Option A is incorrect because amylase breaks down starch into maltose, not glucose. Option B is incorrect because pepsin is a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins, not starch. Option D is incorrect because maltase is an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down maltose into glucose, not the enzyme present in saliva.