Nokea
During the immediate post-operative phase , the PRIMARY goal of the health care team is to maintain ventilation. Which of the following situations should be observed as a result of hypoxemia?
- A. Excess carbon dioxide in the blood
- B. Increasing ammonia in the blood
- C. Decreased oxygen saturation
- D. Reduction of blood Ph
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: One of the main consequences of hypoxemia, which is low oxygen levels in the blood, is decreased oxygen saturation. Oxygen saturation refers to the percentage of hemoglobin molecules in the blood that are bound to oxygen. When there is insufficient oxygen in the blood due to hypoxemia, the oxygen saturation levels will drop. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, confusion, rapid heart rate, and ultimately can result in tissue damage if not corrected promptly. Monitoring oxygen saturation levels is crucial in the immediate post-operative phase to ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation for the patient's recovery.
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Mr. Steve is brought to the medical ward. the next day, he wants to know about his illness. The nurse on duty replied,'You don't need to know your diagnosis'. Which of the following rights of the patient is violated? Right to_____.
- A. Obtain from his physician complete current information concerning his diagnosis , treatment and prognosis
- B. Receive from his physician information necessary to give informed consent.
- C. Expect reasonable continuity of care.
- D. Considerate and respectful care, irrespective of one's socio-economic status
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The right being violated in this scenario is the right to obtain from his physician complete current information concerning his diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Patients have the right to be fully informed about their health status and to understand the details of their condition, treatment options, and likely outcomes. Withholding this information can prevent the patient from participating in their own care decisions and can violate their autonomy and right to make informed choices about their health.
A patient with chronic kidney disease presents with progressively worsening anemia and elevated serum phosphate levels. Which medication is commonly prescribed to reduce serum phosphate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease?
- A. Epoetin alfa
- B. Cinacalcet
- C. Sevelamer
- D. Allopurinol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sevelamer is a medication commonly prescribed to reduce serum phosphate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease. Sevelamer is a phosphate binder that works by binding to dietary phosphate in the gut, preventing its absorption into the bloodstream. By reducing serum phosphate levels, sevelamer helps manage complications associated with hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease patients, such as mineral and bone disorders. Other medications like epoetin alfa are used to treat anemia commonly seen in chronic kidney disease patients, while cinacalcet is used to manage secondary hyperparathyroidism. Allopurinol, on the other hand, is used to treat gout by reducing uric acid levels and is not indicated for reducing serum phosphate levels in chronic kidney disease patients.
A patient with a history of chronic kidney disease is prescribed phosphate binders. Which instruction should the nurse include in patient education about phosphate binder therapy?
- A. "Take phosphate binders with meals."
- B. "Avoid taking phosphate binders with calcium supplements."
- C. "Increase your intake of foods high in phosphorus."
- D. "Take phosphate binders on an empty stomach."
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct instruction that the nurse should include in patient education about phosphate binder therapy is to "Take phosphate binders with meals." Phosphate binders are medications given to patients with chronic kidney disease to help control high phosphate levels in the blood. Taking phosphate binders with meals allows them to bind to the phosphorus present in the food, reducing its absorption in the body. This helps to lower blood phosphate levels effectively. Instructing the patient to take phosphate binders with meals ensures optimal binding of phosphorus from the diet, which is crucial for managing phosphate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease.
A patient with heart failure is prescribed digoxin. Which electrolyte imbalance increases the risk of digoxin toxicity?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hypernatremia
- C. Hypokalemia
- D. Hyponatremia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypokalemia (low levels of potassium) increases the risk of digoxin toxicity. This is because digoxin competes with potassium for binding sites on the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the cell membrane. When potassium levels are low, there is an increased binding of digoxin to these pumps, leading to enhanced entry of calcium into the cells. This can result in an increased intracellular calcium concentration, leading to digoxin toxicity and potential cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, monitoring and correcting potassium levels is crucial in patients prescribed digoxin to reduce the risk of toxicity.
Kris is a hospitalized movie star. A nursing assistant takes her picture without permission and sells it to a local newspaper. The nursing assistant could be quilts of:
- A. Invasion of privacy
- B. Defamation
- C. Abuse
- D. Assault and battery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This scenario falls under the category of invasion of privacy. Invasion of privacy occurs when a person's private information or images are shared or used without their consent, leading to an intrusion of their private life. In this case, Kris, as a hospitalized movie star, had her picture taken without permission by the nursing assistant, which was later sold to a local newspaper. Kris has a right to privacy, especially during a vulnerable time like being hospitalized, and the nursing assistant violated that right by taking and selling her picture without consent. This action constitutes an invasion of privacy.