Nokea
During the physical assessment of the patient with early to moderate RA, what should the nurse expect to find?
- A. Hepatomegaly
- B. Heberden's nodes
- C. Spindle-shaped fingers
- D. Crepitus on joint movement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Spindle-shaped fingers are characteristic of RA.
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A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to, or block, which type of neurotransmitter receptor?
- A. nicotinic
- B. muscarinic
- C. α-adrenergic
- D. β-adrenergic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A):
1. Nicotinic receptors are present in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system.
2. Drugs affecting both divisions target nicotinic receptors to modulate autonomic functions.
3. Binding or blocking nicotinic receptors can impact both sympathetic and parasympathetic activities.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B. Muscarinic receptors are specific to the parasympathetic division, not affecting the sympathetic division.
C. α-adrenergic receptors are specific to the sympathetic division, not influencing parasympathetic functions.
D. β-adrenergic receptors are also specific to the sympathetic division, not impacting the parasympathetic division.
Which of the following statements about axon-guidance is TRUE?
- A. Netrins are long-range cues for chemorepulsion
- B. Semaphorins are short-range cues for chemorepulsion
- C. Cadherins are short-range cues for contact attraction
- D. Ephrins are short-range cues for contact attraction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules that mediate short-range contact attraction, guiding axons to their targets. Netrins, semaphorins, and ephrins also play roles in axon guidance, but they function through different mechanisms, such as long-range chemotaxis or repulsion. This diversity of guidance cues ensures precise navigation of growing axons.
During neurologic assessment of the older adult, what should the nurse expect to find?
- A. Absent deep tendon reflexes
- B. Below-average intelligence score
- C. Decreased sensation of touch and temperature
- D. Decreased frequency of spontaneous awakening
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Older adults often exhibit decreased sensation of touch and temperature.
The action potential pattern that appears on the oscilloscope screen is caused by rapid ________.
- A. polarity changes
- B. pH changes
- C. breakdown of the membrane structure
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The action potential pattern observed on an oscilloscope is caused by rapid changes in membrane polarity. During an action potential, the membrane potential depolarizes (becomes more positive) as sodium ions rush into the neuron, followed by repolarization (returning to negative) as potassium ions exit. These polarity changes are essential for the propagation of nerve impulses and are a hallmark of neural activity.
A client admitted with an exacerbation of multiple sclerosis is demonstrating frustration with eating because hand and arm spasms prevent the proper use of utensils. What should the nurse do to assist this client?
- A. Consult with Occupational Therapy regarding assistive devices for meals.
- B. Counsel the client to select finger foods for meals.
- C. Plan time to feed the client.
- D. Consult with Physical Therapy regarding hand and arm exercises.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Occupational therapy can provide adaptive devices and strategies to help the client eat independently despite hand and arm spasms. Finger foods and feeding assistance are less ideal solutions.