Nokea
During which stage of life is it most critical to build bone mass to prevent osteoporosis?
- A. Infancy
- B. Early childhood
- C. Adolescence
- D. Young adulthood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Adolescence is the most critical stage for building bone mass, which plays a significant role in preventing osteoporosis in later life. During adolescence, approximately 45% of adult bone mass is formed. Although bone mass can be built during infancy, early childhood, and young adulthood, it is not as significant as during adolescence, making choices A, B, and D incorrect. Therefore, focusing on adequate nutrition and physical activity during adolescence is vital for long-term bone health.
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Which organ absorbs water and vitamin K and may be affected by ulcerative colitis?
- A. Stomach
- B. Pancreas
- C. Large intestine
- D. Small intestine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The large intestine is the organ that is primarily responsible for the absorption of water and vitamin K in the human body. A disease like ulcerative colitis can disrupt these functions by causing inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine, leading to digestive issues. The stomach (Choice A) primarily functions to break down and digest food, not to absorb water and vitamins. The pancreas (Choice B) secretes enzymes to aid in digestion and hormones to regulate blood sugar, but does not absorb water and vitamins. The small intestine (Choice D) is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food, but not specifically water and vitamin K. Therefore, these other choices are incorrect.
Which of the following nutrients provide energy?(Select ONE that does not apply.)
- A. Carbohydrates
- B. Fats
- C. Protein
- D. Water
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the three macronutrients that provide energy (calories) to the body. Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of energy, fats act as a secondary source when carbohydrate energy is exhausted, and proteins are used for energy when carbohydrate and fat sources are low. Choice D, Water, is essential for the body's functions, but it does not provide energy.
What is one of the best nutritional actions a caregiver can take to help a patient with Alzheimer's disease maintain appropriate body weight?
- A. Thicken liquids to prevent choking
- B. Supervise food planning and mealtimes
- C. Assist the person in completing a grocery checklist
- D. Feed the person their meals and snacks
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, 'Supervise food planning and mealtimes'. This action ensures the patient with Alzheimer's disease maintains an appropriate diet and body weight, thus reducing the risk of malnutrition. While choices A, 'Thicken liquids to prevent choking', C, 'Assist the person in completing a grocery checklist', and D, 'Feed the person their meals and snacks', might be beneficial in certain circumstances, they do not directly contribute to the maintenance of appropriate body weight as effectively as supervising food planning and mealtimes does.
Which factor contributes to the development of bone diseases in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) due to retention?
- A. Iron
- B. Sodium
- C. Potassium
- D. Phosphorus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is phosphorus. Retention of phosphorus in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) contributes to the development of bone disorders, including osteodystrophy, because it disrupts the balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body. This imbalance leads to a variety of bone diseases. The other options - iron, sodium, and potassium - while important in the overall metabolic function, are not directly linked to the development of bone diseases in CKD patients due to retention.
Each statement is true regarding oral exposure to fermentable carbohydrates, except one. Which is the exception?
- A. Longer exposure leads to an increased risk of demineralization
- B. Longer exposure increases the opportunity for remineralization
- C. The Stephan curve illustrates pH changes within plaque after rinsing with a sugar solution
- D. The critical pH at which enamel decalcification occurs is 5.5 or less
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: All the statements above are accurate about oral exposure to fermentable carbohydrates, except for option B. In fact, longer exposure to these carbohydrates decreases the opportunity for remineralization. This is because the process of demineralization, in which minerals are lost from the tooth enamel, is sped up by the presence of fermentable carbohydrates. The Stephan curve (option C) is a graph that demonstrates how the pH of dental plaque changes after a sugar rinse, usually dropping (becoming more acidic), which can lead to enamel decalcification. Option D is also accurate, as a pH of 5.5 or lower is the critical point at which enamel starts to decalcify.