Nokea
Dysphagia, dyphonia, dysarthria together with tongue atrophy & depressed "gag" reflex is called like following:
- A. bulbar palsy
- B. Bell's palsy
- C. pseudobulbar palsy
- D. bulbus olfactorius
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bulbar palsy is the correct answer because it results from damage to the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves IX, X, and XII, which are located in the medulla oblongata. This condition leads to dysphagia, dysphonia, dysarthria, and tongue atrophy due to the loss of motor control in the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and tongue.
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A patient exhibits sudden, severe headache and neck stiffness. What should the nurse do first?
- A. Perform a neurologic assessment and evaluate for signs of meningeal irritation.
- B. Measure the patient's blood pressure.
- C. Check the patient's blood glucose levels.
- D. Inspect the patient's throat.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sudden, severe headache and neck stiffness may indicate meningitis. A neurologic assessment and evaluation for meningeal irritation are critical. Blood pressure, glucose levels, and throat inspection are secondary.
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as ______ while the shallow grooves are termed ______.
- A. sulci; gyri
- B. gyri; sulci
- C. ganglia; gyri
- D. tracts; ganglia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated ridges on the cerebral hemispheres are called gyri, and the shallow grooves are called sulci. Ganglia, tracts, receptors, and effectors are unrelated to these structures. Thus, B is the correct answer.
As the potassium ions move out of the axon, the oscilloscope records a ________.
- A. depolarization
- B. repolarization
- C. equalizing of negative and positive ions
- D. shutdown of the membrane pumps
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: As potassium ions move out of the axon during repolarization, the oscilloscope records a return of the membrane potential to its negative resting state. This phase of the action potential is called repolarization and is essential for resetting the neuron so it can fire another action potential. Repolarization ensures that the neuron is ready to transmit subsequent nerve impulses.
Central paresis, loss of proprioceptive sensation on one side & loss of exteroceptive sensation on the opposite form the following syndrome:
- A. Lambert-Iton
- B. Matskevich-Shtrumpel
- C. Argile-Robertson
- D. Brown-Sequard
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Brown-Sequard syndrome is the correct answer because it is characterized by ipsilateral motor paralysis and loss of proprioception, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation. This syndrome results from damage to one side of the spinal cord, typically due to trauma or tumors.
The nurse is caring for the client with increased intracranial pressure. The nurse would note which of the following trends in vital signs if the ICP is rising?
- A. Increasing temperature, increasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure.
- B. Increasing temperature, decreasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure.
- C. Decreasing temperature, decreasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure.
- D. Decreasing temperature, increasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In increased ICP, Cushing's triad may occur, which includes bradycardia (decreasing pulse), irregular respirations (decreasing respirations), and widening pulse pressure (increasing blood pressure). These signs indicate severe brainstem compression and are late signs of increased ICP, requiring immediate intervention.