Nokea
A patient learns that abdominal pain is originating from the liver. The nurse should explain to the patient that the impulses from receptors in the internal organs to the central nervous system are transmitted from which type of neurons?
- A. Interneurons
- B. Efferent neurons
- C. Somatic sensory neurons
- D. Visceral sensory neurons
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Visceral sensory neurons transmit impulses from internal organs, such as the liver, to the central nervous system. Somatic sensory neurons transmit impulses from the skin and skeletal muscles, while efferent neurons carry motor impulses. Interneurons are found entirely within the central nervous system. This distinction is important for understanding pain pathways.
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What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?
- A. norepinephrine
- B. acetylcholine
- C. epinephrine
- D. serotonin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for causing constriction of the pupil. When acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors in the eye muscles, it triggers the muscles to contract, leading to pupil constriction. Norepinephrine (choice A) and epinephrine (choice C) are both involved in the fight-or-flight response and dilate the pupils. Serotonin (choice D) does not directly affect pupil constriction.
The Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around the:
- A. dendrites
- B. cell body
- C. nucleus
- D. axon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Schwann cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Dendrites, cell bodies, nuclei, and nodes of Ranvier are not directly myelinated by Schwann cells. Therefore, D is the correct answer.
The diameter of a motor nerve fibre is
- A. 1-2 micrometre
- B. 3-5 micrometre
- C. 5-12 micrometre
- D. 12-20 micrometre
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Motor nerve fibers, such as alpha motor neurons, typically have a diameter of 12-20 micrometers. Larger diameters allow for faster conduction of action potentials.
A patient exhibits sudden, severe headache and neck stiffness. What should the nurse do first?
- A. Perform a neurologic assessment and evaluate for signs of meningeal irritation.
- B. Measure the patient's blood pressure.
- C. Check the patient's blood glucose levels.
- D. Inspect the patient's throat.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sudden, severe headache and neck stiffness may indicate meningitis. A neurologic assessment and evaluation for meningeal irritation are critical. Blood pressure, glucose levels, and throat inspection are secondary.
Which structure allows communication between the hemispheres?
- A. reticular formation
- B. temporal lobe
- C. contralateral bridge
- D. corpus callosum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing for communication and coordination between them. It enables the integration of information from both sides of the brain, facilitating complex cognitive processes and motor coordination. Damage to the corpus callosum can result in disconnection syndromes, where the hemispheres cannot communicate effectively.