Nokea
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that:
- A. Endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts.
- B. Endocrine glands release hormones, whereas exocrine glands release waste.
- C. Endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, but exocrine glands are primarily connective tissue.
- D. Endocrine glands are all interconnected; whereas exocrine glands act completely independently.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach target organs, while exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts onto the body's surface or into specific locations. This distinction is crucial as it highlights the mode of transportation of their secretions. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because exocrine glands do not release waste; they release enzymes, sweat, etc. Exocrine glands can be formed by various types of tissues, not just connective tissue. Additionally, exocrine glands do not necessarily act completely independently; they can be part of a system or network but still release their secretions through ducts.
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We have a 48-year-old female patient with a history of myasthenia gravis. She has been treated with an oral acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for several years and has done well till now. She presents with muscle weakness and other signs and symptoms that could reflect either a cholinergic crisis (excess dosages of her maintenance drug) or a myasthenic crisis (insufficient treatment). We will use a rapidly acting parenteral acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChE) to help make the differential diagnosis. Which of the following drugs would be most appropriate for this use?
- A. Edrophonium
- B. Malathion
- C. Physostigmine
- D. Pralidoxime
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Edrophonium. Edrophonium is a short-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that can help differentiate between a cholinergic crisis and a myasthenic crisis. In this scenario, administering edrophonium will temporarily increase acetylcholine levels at the neuromuscular junction. If the patient's symptoms improve following edrophonium administration, it suggests a myasthenic crisis due to insufficient treatment. On the other hand, if the symptoms worsen, it indicates a cholinergic crisis due to excess dosages of the maintenance drug.
Choice B: Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide and is not used for diagnosing myasthenia gravis.
Choice C: Physostigmine is a longer-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and is not appropriate for rapidly assessing the patient's condition in this scenario.
Choice D: Pralidoxime is used as an antidote for organophosphate
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison’s disease?
- A. Salt craving
- B. Weight gain
- C. Hypoglycemia
- D. Hyperpigmentation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Weight gain. Addison's disease is characterized by adrenal insufficiency, leading to symptoms such as salt craving, hypoglycemia, and hyperpigmentation due to increased melanin production. Weight loss, not weight gain, is commonly associated with Addison's disease due to decreased cortisol levels. Salt craving is due to sodium loss, hypoglycemia results from insufficient cortisol levels, and hyperpigmentation is caused by elevated ACTH levels stimulating melanin production. Weight gain is not a typical symptom, making it the correct answer.
ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins are:
- A. hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
- B. secreted by the neurohypophysis.
- C. “aimed at†the adrenal cortex.
- D. tropic hormones.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins are hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones.
Step 2: These hormones target specific endocrine glands, such as the adrenal cortex.
Step 3: Since these hormones stimulate the secretion of other hormones and target specific glands, they are classified as tropic hormones.
Step 4: Thus, the correct answer is D: tropic hormones.
Summary: A is incorrect as they are not hypothalamic-releasing hormones. B is incorrect as they are not secreted by the neurohypophysis. C is incorrect as they are not specifically aimed at the adrenal cortex.
Lactogenic hormone:
- A. is also called oxytocin.
- B. is a gonadotropin.
- C. stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
- D. exerts its greatest effect on the gonads.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Lactogenic hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk, essential for lactation.
2. Oxytocin is a different hormone that causes milk ejection, not production.
3. Gonadotropins like FSH and LH affect gonads, not lactation.
4. Choice C directly relates to lactation, making it the correct answer.
Which of the following is the most important effect of somatotropic hormone?
- A. Promotion of the urinary excretion of calcium
- B. Growth of the musculoskeletal system
- C. Regulation of sodium and water balance
- D. Initiates and sustains labor to terminate pregnancy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Growth of the musculoskeletal system. Somatotropic hormone, also known as growth hormone, plays a crucial role in stimulating growth and development of bones, muscles, and tissues. It promotes the growth of the musculoskeletal system by stimulating the production of proteins that are essential for muscle and bone growth. This effect is the most important function of somatotropic hormone as it directly impacts overall body growth and physical development.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Promotion of the urinary excretion of calcium - This is not a primary function of somatotropic hormone. Calcium regulation is mainly controlled by other hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
C: Regulation of sodium and water balance - This function is primarily controlled by hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, not somatotropic hormone.
D: Initiates and sustains labor to terminate pregnancy - Labor initiation is regulated by hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins, not somat