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Epigenetic changes play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Question: Which of the following statements about epigenetics is correct?
- A. Epigenetic modifications lead to mutations in DNA
- B. Mutations in DNA lead to epigenetic modifications
- C. Epigenetic modifications only take place at a young age
- D. None of the statements provided above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epigenetics tweaks gene dials no mutations, not from mutations, not age-locked. Diet, stress flip switches anytime, a chronic type 2 player nurses note this, no false leads fit.
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Which of the following condition has low risk of progression to liver cirrhosis:
- A. Hepatic steatosis
- B. Hepatic steatohepatitis
- C. Hepatic steatohepatitis with fibrosis
- D. Chronic hepatitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Steatosis fat sits, low cirrhosis odds; steatohepatitis, fibrosis, chronic, booze burn scar. Nurses mark this chronic liver lite.
There are several different transmembranous glucose transporters (Gluts). Question: Which Gluts occur most frequently in the liver and which in the pancreas?
- A. Glut 1 in the liver and Glut 2 in the pancreas
- B. Glut 2 in the liver and Glut 2 in the pancreas
- C. Glut 2 in the liver and Glut 1 in the pancreas
- D. Glut 4 in the liver and Glut 2 in the pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Liver slurps glucose with Glut 2, pancreas senses it the same both lean on this transporter's flow. Glut 1's elsewhere, Glut 4's muscle-fat turf nurses know this, a chronic glucose gate map.
Fatty liver disease is more common in people with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. The pathogenesis of fatty liver disease is not yet completely known. Question: What does current research suggest with respect to the pathogenesis?
- A. Steatosis correlates with inflammation
- B. Inflammation correlates with fibrosis
- C. Steatosis correlates with liver damage
- D. Steatosis correlates with insulin resistance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fatty liver's tale steatosis ties to insulin resistance, a metabolic syndrome root, not just inflammation, fibrosis, or vague damage. Nurses see this, a chronic fat-glucose knot.
The following blood values are found in a patient: total cholesterol: 9.2 mmol/L (strongly elevated) and triglycerides: 1.7 mmol/L (normal). Question: Which lipid particle is most likely to cause this abnormal lipid spectrum?
- A. The chylomicron particle
- B. The IDL particle
- C. The LDL particle
- D. The VLDL particle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sky-high cholesterol, normal triglycerides LDL's the cholesterol hog, not chylomicrons, IDL, or VLDL's triglyceride tilt. Nurses peg this, a chronic heart risk spike.
A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with peripheral artery disease. Which of the following is a common assessment finding?
- A. 4+ pedal pulses
- B. 3+ pedal pulses
- C. Bounding pulses in all 4 extremities
- D. 1+ pedal pulses
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) clogs arteries, slashing flow 1+ pedal pulses (weak, thready) are typical, reflecting ischemia below blockages. 4+ or 3+ pulses (strong) contradict PAD's hypoperfusion; bounding pulses suggest hyperdynamic states, not occlusion. Nurses expect weak pulses, checking for pain or pallor, key to tracking PAD's limb-threatening march, guiding interventions like revascularization.