Nokea
Which of the following is NOT required on a food label or nutrition facts panel?
- A. Nutrition facts panel
- B. Ingredients in descending order by weight
- C. The % RDA of ALL the vitamins and minerals in the product
- D. Essential warnings, such as common allergies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: According to food labeling regulations, every food label or nutrition facts panel must include a nutrition facts panel, list of ingredients in descending order by weight, and essential warnings such as common allergies. However, it is not mandatory to list the % Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of ALL the vitamins and minerals in the product. Only certain vitamins and minerals, deemed significant to public health, are required to be listed. Therefore, the notion that the % RDA of ALL vitamins and minerals must be displayed is incorrect. Choices A, B, and D are required elements on a food label, making them incorrect answers.
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Which medical condition is characterized by symptoms such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, herpetic ulcerations, Kaposi's sarcoma, xerostomia, and severe periodontal disease?
- A. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- B. Acute Leukemia
- C. Anorexia Nervosa
- D. Bulimia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is known for a variety of oral manifestations such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, herpetic ulcerations, Kaposi's sarcoma, xerostomia, and severe periodontal disease. These symptoms are not typically associated with acute leukemia, anorexia nervosa, or bulimia. Acute leukemia usually presents with symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are eating disorders, thus their primary symptoms are primarily associated with eating habits and body weight, not oral health.
Can a person with Celiac disease eat Poptarts that contain gluten?
- A. Yes
- B. No
- C. Only in small quantities
- D. Only if they are gluten-free Poptarts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A person with Celiac disease cannot consume Poptarts that contain gluten because gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, triggering an autoimmune response in individuals with Celiac disease and damaging their small intestine. Even small quantities of gluten can lead to this harmful response, making choices 'A' and 'C' incorrect. While gluten-free Poptarts may be suitable for individuals with Celiac disease, regular Poptarts containing gluten are not safe for consumption by them, rendering choice 'D' incorrect as well.
Which enzyme is most essential for hydrolyzing large protein molecules?
- A. Gastric lipase
- B. Pepsin
- C. Mucus
- D. Intrinsic factor
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pepsin, choice B, is the correct answer as it is a proteolytic enzyme that is essential for the breakdown of large protein molecules in the stomach. Gastric lipase, choice A, is incorrect because it primarily targets fats, not proteins, hence it is not involved in protein hydrolysis. Mucus, choice C, is incorrect as it serves to protect the stomach lining from acidic gastric juices and does not play a direct role in protein digestion. Intrinsic factor, choice D, is incorrect as it is vital for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestine and doesn't participate in the process of hydrolyzing proteins.
What are the potential consequences of damage to the stomach?
- A. Reduced digestion of carbohydrates
- B. Inability to produce or secrete bile
- C. Inability to produce or secrete gastric acid
- D. Increased ability to produce or secrete intrinsic factor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Damage to the stomach can lead to a reduced ability to produce gastric acid (Choice C) and intrinsic factor, the latter of which is crucial for vitamin B12 absorption (Choice D). That's why these two choices are correct. The stomach doesn't play a direct role in the digestion of carbohydrates (Choice A) as this process primarily occurs in the small intestine with the help of pancreatic enzymes. Similarly, bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not the stomach, hence stomach damage wouldn't lead to an inability to produce or secrete bile (Choice B).
The nurse is working with a patient who recently had a stroke. The patient frequently chokes and coughs when eating and is having difficulty feeding herself. What is the best way to ensure adequate nutrition?
- A. to have an aide feed her at each meal
- B. to ask a family member to assist during meals
- C. to provide tube feedings for the patient
- D. to initiate TPN for the patient
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best way to ensure adequate nutrition for a stroke patient who frequently chokes and coughs when eating and has difficulty feeding herself is to provide tube feedings. Tube feedings are a safe and effective method to deliver nutrition directly to the stomach or intestines, bypassing the swallowing mechanism, reducing the risk of aspiration. Having an aide feed her each meal (choice A) may not address the underlying issue of swallowing difficulty and aspiration risk. Asking a family member to be present at each meal (choice B) does not provide a definitive solution to the patient's nutritional needs. Placing the patient on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (choice D) is a more invasive and typically reserved for patients who cannot tolerate enteral feedings or have non-functional gastrointestinal tracts.