Nokea
Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone:
- A. are feminizing hormones.
- B. induce virilization.
- C. are secreted by the gonads.
- D. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secreted by the gonads. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females, while testosterone is mainly produced by the testes in males. These hormones play crucial roles in reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics. Choices A and B are incorrect because testosterone induces virilization (masculinizing effects) while estrogen and progesterone are more associated with feminizing effects. Choice D is incorrect because estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are not secreted by the adenohypophysis, which mainly produces and releases other hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin.
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Identify the hormone that causes the development of the breast and milk production.
- A. oxytocin
- B. prolactin
- C. estrogen
- D. antidiuretic hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: prolactin. Prolactin is the hormone responsible for the development of the breast tissue and milk production in females. It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a key role in lactation. Oxytocin is involved in milk ejection, not breast development. Estrogen plays a role in breast development but not specifically in milk production. Antidiuretic hormone regulates water balance and has no direct role in breast development or milk production.
Ketosis and acidosis are:
- A. most apt to be caused by an excess of insulin.
- B. characteristic of diabetes insipidus.
- C. best treated with ADH.
- D. indicative of a rapid and incomplete metabolism of fatty acids.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because ketosis and acidosis are indicative of a rapid and incomplete metabolism of fatty acids. Ketosis occurs when the body breaks down fats for energy, leading to high levels of ketones in the blood. Acidosis results from the accumulation of acidic substances in the body due to incomplete metabolism. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because excess insulin does not cause ketosis and acidosis, diabetes insipidus is unrelated to these conditions, and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is not the appropriate treatment for ketosis and acidosis.
Which of the following glands disappears during old age?
- A. Thymus
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Thyroid
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The thymus gland is the correct answer because it involutes or shrinks with age, leading to decreased immune function. The parathyroid, thyroid, and pituitary glands do not disappear with old age but may undergo changes in function. The parathyroid regulates calcium levels, the thyroid controls metabolism, and the pituitary gland secretes various hormones. Therefore, the thymus gland is the only gland that disappears during old age, making it the correct answer.
Which of the following agents might mask the hypoglycemic reaction in treated diabetic patients?
- A. Beta-adrenergic agonists
- B. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists
- C. Alpha-adrenergic agonists
- D. Beta-adrenergic antagonists
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Beta-adrenergic antagonists. Beta-blockers can mask the typical signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia such as tremors, palpitations, and sweating by inhibiting the adrenergic response to low blood sugar levels. Other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect as they do not have the same mechanism of action in masking hypoglycemic reactions in diabetic patients.
Which of the following is not a similarity between hormones and neurotransmitters?
- A. NONE OF THE ABOVE (all of the above are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters)
- B. Both are chemical messengers.
- C. Both can sometimes be chemically identical.
- D. Both produce molecules that act on receptors.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it states that none of the above choices are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. This is accurate as choices B, C, and D all highlight similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. Choice B is correct as both are chemical messengers, choice C is correct because some hormones and neurotransmitters can be chemically identical, and choice D is correct because both produce molecules that act on receptors. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it states that there are no similarities between the two, which is not the case.