Nokea
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.
- A. there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane
- B. the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
- C. the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized
- D. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes, leading to a cascade of signaling events that can trigger multiple responses in a cell. This process amplifies and diversifies the cellular response to hormones.
A: Choice A is incorrect because the number of receptors on the cell membrane does not directly relate to the ability of hormones to elicit multiple responses.
B: Choice B is incorrect because receptors typically bind to one hormone molecule at a time, not multiple hormones simultaneously.
C: Choice C is incorrect because the rapid metabolism of protein kinases does not directly explain why hormones can elicit multiple responses in a cell.
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Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex?
- A. Insulin
- B. Epinephrine
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Glucagon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Aldosterone. The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone, which helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Insulin (A) is produced by the pancreas, epinephrine (B) is produced by the adrenal medulla, and glucagon (D) is produced by the pancreas. Aldosterone is the only hormone produced by the adrenal cortex among the options provided, making it the correct answer.
A nursing health history of a client suspected of having Cushing syndrome must include assessment of
- A. increased pigmentation
- B. decreased urinary output
- C. changes in body structure and weight
- D. increased thickening and coarsening of skin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Changes in body structure and weight, such as fat redistribution and weight gain, are key signs of Cushing syndrome.
Which of these is not an endocrine gland?
- A. Pancreas.
- B. Testes.
- C. Salivary gland.
- D. Parathyroid.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the salivary gland. The salivary gland is not an endocrine gland because it secretes saliva directly into the oral cavity, rather than into the bloodstream like endocrine glands. The pancreas (A) secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. The testes (B) produce hormones like testosterone that are released into the bloodstream. The parathyroid (D) gland secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate calcium levels. In summary, the salivary gland is not considered an endocrine gland because it does not secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream for systemic effects.
Which of the following is NOT related to adrenal medulla structure and function?
- A. Inner portion of adrenal gland.
- B. Controlled by the nervous system.
- C. Regulates levels of glucose and minerals in the blood.
- D. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Regulates levels of glucose and minerals in the blood. The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing epinephrine and norepinephrine, not regulating blood glucose and minerals. The inner portion of the adrenal gland refers to the adrenal medulla. It is controlled by the nervous system, specifically the sympathetic nervous system. Epinephrine and norepinephrine produced by the adrenal medulla are involved in the body's fight-or-flight response, not in regulating blood glucose and minerals. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it is not related to adrenal medulla structure and function.
Which produces the majority of salivary volume?
- A. lingual glands
- B. sublingual
- C. parotid
- D. submandibular
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: submandibular glands. These glands produce the majority of salivary volume due to their larger size and higher rate of saliva production compared to other salivary glands. Submandibular glands secrete a combination of serous and mucous saliva, contributing to overall saliva volume. The lingual glands (choice A) are smaller and contribute a smaller amount of saliva. The sublingual glands (choice B) are also smaller and produce less saliva compared to the submandibular glands. The parotid glands (choice C) are the largest salivary glands but contribute a smaller volume of saliva compared to the submandibular glands.