Nokea
Excess prolactin causes:
- A. Acromegaly
- B. Gynecomastia
- C. Dwarfism
- D. Early Menopause
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excess prolactin typically causes gynecomastia in men. Prolactin is a hormone primarily responsible for milk production in women. However, in men, elevated levels of prolactin can lead to various symptoms, with gynecomastia being one of the most common. Gynecomastia is the development of breast tissue in males, which can result in swelling and tenderness of the breasts. It is important to investigate the underlying cause of elevated prolactin levels as it could be due to various conditions such as pituitary tumors, certain medications, or thyroid disorders.
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Increased serum aldosterone level is not associated with:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hypernatraernia
- C. Hypokalaemia
- D. Metabolic acidosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Increased serum aldosterone level is typically associated with conditions such as Conn's syndrome or primary hyperaldosteronism. These conditions lead to an excess of aldosterone, which results in increased sodium resorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys. This imbalance can lead to hypertension (Choice A), hypernatraernia (elevated sodium level) (Choice B), and hypokalaemia (low potassium level) (Choice C). However, metabolic acidosis (Choice D) is not directly associated with increased aldosterone levels. Instead, metabolic acidosis may be seen in conditions like renal tubular acidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis.
Myxoedema coma is characterized by:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Euthermia
- D. Hypoventilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Myxoedema coma is a severe form of hypothyroidism that can lead to the slowing down of various body functions, including reduced heart rate (bradycardia). As the condition progresses and the body's metabolism becomes more depressed, one of the compensatory mechanisms is an increase in heart rate (tachycardia) to try to maintain adequate tissue perfusion. Therefore, tachycardia is a characteristic feature of myxoedema coma, rather than hypertension or euthermia which are not typically associated with this condition. Hypoventilation is also a common feature of myxoedema coma due to the decreased metabolic rate and respiratory drive.
Enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and face due to overproduction of growth hormone is called :
- A. Acromegaly
- B. Cushing syndrome
- C. Gigantism
- D. Myxedema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acromegaly is the condition characterized by the enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and face due to the overproduction of growth hormone in adults. This excess growth hormone typically comes from a benign tumor in the pituitary gland, leading to the gradual enlargement of these body parts. Cushing syndrome, on the other hand, is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and is not directly related to bone enlargement. Gigantism is the condition of excessive growth in height due to overproduction of growth hormone occurring in children before the closure of growth plates. Myxedema is a term used to describe severe hypothyroidism and is not directly associated with bone enlargement.
Anti-diuretic hormone secretion is:
- A. increased during stress.
- B. reduced during hemorrhage.
- C. reduced by increased blood osmolality.
- D. increased by alcohol.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is a hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolality, blood volume, and blood pressure. During hemorrhage (significant blood loss), the body experiences a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure. In response to this decrease in blood volume, ADH secretion is increased to help the body retain water and maintain blood pressure levels. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that ADH secretion is reduced during hemorrhage.
All of the following are features of Conn's syndrome except:
- A. Alkalosis
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Muscle cramps
- D. Severe systemic hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Conn's syndrome, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is characterized by excess production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. This leads to increased sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys. As a result, patients with Conn's syndrome typically present with hypokalemia (low potassium levels), not hyperkalemia (high potassium levels). The other features of Conn's syndrome include alkalosis (metabolic), muscle cramps, and severe systemic hypertension.